| 单词 | 波斯 |
| 释义 | 〔Pasargadae〕A ruined city of ancient Persia northeast of Persepolis. It was Cyrus the Great's capital and is said to have been founded by him in 550b.c. 帕萨加第：古代波斯波利斯东北部的一座废城。它是居鲁士帝国的首都，据说是由居鲁士于公元前 550年建成 〔peri〕In Persian mythology, a beautiful and benevolent supernatural being or fairy, earlier regarded as malevolent.妖精：波斯神话中美丽且仁慈的超自然生物或精灵，过去曾被视为魔怪〔Raeburn〕British portrait painter whose many subjects included Sir Walter Scott, David Hume, and James Boswell.雷伯恩，亨利：(1756-1823) 英国肖像画家，他众多的模特中有沃尔特·斯科特，戴维·休姆和詹姆斯·波斯威尔〔serendipity〕From the characters in the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip , who made such discoveries 源自波斯神话故事中的人物 The Three Princes of Serendip ，有这种发现的本领 〔caviar〕Although caviar might seem to be something quintessentially Russian,the wordcaviar is not a native one, the Russian term beingikra. Caviar first came into English in the 16th century,probably by way of French and Italian,which, along with other European languages, borrowed it from Turkishhavyar. The source of the Turkish word is apparently an Iranian dialectal form related to the Persian word for "egg,”khāyah, and this in turn goes back to the same Indo-European root that gives us the English wordsegg and oval. This rather exotic etymology is appropriate to a substance that is not to everyone's taste,giving rise to Shakespeare's famous phrase,“'twas caviary to the general,”the general public, that is.虽然鱼子酱一词有点俄罗斯风范，但caviar 一词不是俄语， 俄语词是ikra。 Caviar 第一次出现在英语中是在16世纪，大概是来自法语和意大利语，而它们又与其它欧洲语言一起从土耳其语havyar 借用而来。 土耳其词的来源很明显是从与波斯单词“鸡蛋”khayah 有关的伊朗方言中而来， 并且由此追溯到给我们带来egg 和 oval 的同一印欧语系词根。 这种怪异的词源学不会适合所有人的口味，由此带来了莎士比亚的名言，“它是适合大众口味的鱼子酱，”即指一般公众〔Marathon〕A village and plain of ancient Greece northeast of Athens. It was the site of a major victory over the Persians in 490b.c. 马拉松：古希腊雅典东北方的一个小镇和平原。它是公元前 490年希腊战胜波斯的战场 〔china〕Our termchina for porcelain or ceramic ware is a shortening of chinaware and probably china dishes. Although the wordchina is identical in spelling to the name of the country, there are 16th- and 17th-century spellings likechiney, cheny, and cheney that reflect the borrowing into English of the Persian term for this porcelain,chīnī. The Persian word and the Sanskrit wordcīnāḥ, "Chinese people,” which gave us the English name for the country, go back to the Chinese wordQin, the name of the dynasty that ruled China from 221 to 206b.c. 我们所说的表示瓷器或陶器的词china 是 chinaware 或者可能是 china dishes 的缩写形式。 虽然china 这个词拼写上与中国的国名是一样的， 但16和17世纪时也有chiney，cheny 和 cheney 等拼法， 表明英语借用了波斯语中表示这种瓷器的词，chini 。 这个波斯词，还有梵语中cinah 一词（“中国人”，英语中中国的名称即从这个词而来）， 都来自汉语里的Qin 字， 这是从公元前 221至206年统治中国的王朝的名称 〔Mysia〕An ancient region of northwest Asia Minor. It passed successively to Lydia, Persia, Macedon, Syria, Pergamum, and Rome.密细亚：小亚细亚西北的一个古代地区，它相继受吕底亚、波斯、马其顿、叙利亚、佩加马和罗马管辖〔Rawlinson〕British diplomat and scholar who deciphered cuneiform texts from ancient Persia.罗林森爵士，亨利·克雷斯维克：(1810-1895) 英国外交家和学者，他破译了古代波斯的楔形文字〔mezereon〕[of Persian origin] [源于波斯的] 〔Haman〕In the Old Testament, a Persian minister who was hanged for plotting the destruction of the Jews.哈曼：旧约圣经中所记载的一位波斯宰相，因为施阴谋欲杀尽犹太人而被吊死〔Manichaeism〕The syncretic, dualistic religious philosophy taught by the Persian prophet Manes, combining elements of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Gnostic thought and opposed by the imperial Roman government, Neo-Platonist philosophers, and orthodox Christians.摩尼教：波斯预言家摩尼所宣扬的一种调和信仰的，二元论的宗教哲学，它综合了拜火教、基督教和诺斯替教的成份，反对罗马帝国政权、新柏拉图哲学家和传统基督教〔Persian〕Any of the western Iranian dialects or languages of ancient or medieval Persia and modern Iran.波斯语：伊朗西部的方言，或古代或中世纪波斯和现代伊朗的语言〔Bab〕Persian founder of Babism, a 19th-century religion that forbade polygamy, begging, trading in slaves, and the use of alcohol or drugs.巴布，： (1819?-1850) 巴布教派的波斯创始人，该教为19世纪的宗教之一，该教禁止多配偶、乞讨、买卖奴隶和使用酒精及麻醉品〔santir〕An instrument of Persia that closely resembles a dulcimer.桑提尔琴：一种与扬琴十分相象的波斯的一种乐器〔Heriz〕A strong, finely woven Persian rug that has patterns of flowers, garlands, and trees.海里斯地毯：一种坚牢的，纺织细密的波斯小地毯，其图案由花朵、花环及树木组成〔kiosk〕The lowly kiosk where one buys a newspaper or on which one posts advertisements is like a child in a fairy tale who though raised by humble parents is really the descendant of kings.The wordkiosk was originally taken into English ultimately from Turkish, in which its sourceköshk meant "pavilion.” The open structures referred to by the Turkish word were used as pavilions and summerhouses in Turkey and Persia.The first recorded use ofkiosk in English (1625) has reference to these Middle Eastern structures, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium,where the Turkish word had also been borrowed,their wordkiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. England borrowed this lowly structure from Franceand reborrowed the word,which is first recorded in 1865with reference to a place where newspapers are sold.用来购买报纸或张贴广告的普通的凉亭好像是神话故事中尽管由地位低下的父母抚养但确实是国王后代的儿童一样，单词kiosk 收入英文的起源最早是土耳其语， 土耳其语中它的出处koshk 意为“大帐篷”。 在土耳其语中开敞的建筑物用来作为土耳其和波斯的帐篷和凉亭。英语中最早记录的kiosk 的使用（1625年）参照于欧洲人在他们自己的花园和公园中仿制的中东式建筑。 在法国和比利时，这个土耳其语单词也被借用，它们的单词kiosque 适用于结构上类似于这些凉亭，但规模上比较矮，用作卖报纸的场所或室外音乐台的建筑。 英国从法国引进了这种普通建筑，并且重新引入了这个单词，它的最早记载是在1865年，与卖报纸的场所有关〔Qazvin〕A city of northwest Iran northwest of Tehran. Founded in the fourth centurya.d. , it was captured by the Arabs in 644 and was the capital of Persia from 1548 to 1598. Population, 244,000. 卡兹维：伊朗西北一城市，位于德黑兰西北部，它建于公元 4世纪，644年被拉伯人征服，从1548年到1598年一直是波斯的首都。人口244,000 〔palmette〕A stylized palm leaf used as a decorative element, notably in Persian rugs and in classical moldings, reliefs, frescoes, and vase paintings.花饰：用作装饰的传统的棕榈叶，常出现在波斯地毯和一些古典的铸造物、浮雕、壁画和花瓶画上〔Polycarp〕Christian martyr. A student of the Apostle John, he was burned at the stake during a period of persecution of Christians in Smyrna.圣·波利卡普：基督教殉道者。阿波斯尔·约翰的学生，在士每拿地方对基督徒的迫害期间被焚死〔toman〕A gold coin formerly used in Persia worth 10,000 dinars.托曼：波斯官方使用的金币，值约10000第纳尔〔Kirman〕A Persian rug with a pastel background, a center medallion, and an ornately patterned border.基尔曼波斯地毯：一种波斯地毯。背景色彩柔和，中心有团花，边上有装饰图案〔Manes〕Persian prophet and founder of Manichaeism. He professed that the world is a fusion of the equal but opposite forces of good and evil.摩尼：波斯预言家和摩尼教创始人。他宣称世界是由善和恶相等且相对的两种力量组成的混合体〔marcasite〕from Markhashi [region of perhaps northeast Persia] 源自 马哈西克 [可能是波斯东北部地区] 〔perse〕back-formation from Latin Persicus [Persian] 源自 拉丁语 Persicus的逆构词 [波斯的] 〔Salamis〕An island of Greece in the Saronic Gulf east of Athens. In an important naval battle off the island's northeast coast the Greeks, led by Themistocles, defeated the Persian fleet in 480b.c. 萨拉米斯岛：希腊雅典以东的萨尔尼科湾一岛屿。公元前 480年在发生于该岛东北沿岸附近的一次重大海战中，西米斯托可斯率领希腊人打败波斯舰队 〔magus〕A member of the Zoroastrian priestly caste of the Medes and Persians.古波斯的教士：米提亚和波斯的锁罗亚斯德教教士姓的成员〔Isfahan〕A city of central Iran south of Tehran. An ancient town and capital of Persia from 1598 to 1722, it was long noted for its fine carpets and silver filigree. Today it has textile and steel mills. Population, 927,000.伊斯帕罕：伊朗中部一城市，在续墨兰以南。在1598至1722年间，它是波斯的首都。这座古城以其精美的地毯和银丝细工饰品而闻名。今天它有纺织和钢铁工厂。人口927,000〔Zoroastrianism〕The religious system founded in Persia by Zoroaster and set forth in the Zend-Avesta, teaching the worship of Ormazd in the context of a universal struggle between the forces of light and of darkness.波斯教，琐罗亚斯德教，袄教：在波斯，由琐罗亚斯德创立的宗教派别，在阿维斯陀圣经中阐明其教义，在宇宙中光明与黑暗势力的斗争中，教导人们崇拜光明神奥尔穆兹德〔Esther〕In the Old Testament, the Jewish queen of Persia who saved her people from massacre.以斯帖：在旧约圣经中波斯犹太人的皇后，曾经将人民从大屠杀中拯救出来〔Tabriz〕A cotton and wool Persian rug with designs of stylized animals, hunting scenes, and floral motifs.大不里士地毯：一种用棉花和羊毛做成的波斯地毯，上面绘有以传统的动物、狩猎和花朵主题的图案〔check〕The wordscheck , chess , and shah are all related. Shah, as one might think, is a borrowing into English of the Persian title for the monarch of that country.The Persian wordshāh was also a term used in chess, a game played in Persia long before it was introduced to Europe.One saidshāh as a warning when the opponent's king was under attack. The Persian word in this sense,after passing through Arabic,probably Old Spanish, and then Old French,came into Middle English aschek about seven hundred years ago. Chess itself comes from a plural form of the Old French word that gave us the word check. Checkmate, the next stage after check, goes back to the Arabic phraseshāh māt, meaning "the king is stymied.”Through a complex development having to do with senses that evolved from the notion of checking the king,check came to mean something used to ensure accuracy or authenticity. One such means was a counterfoil, a part of a check, for example,retained by the issuer as documentation of a transaction.Check first meant "counterfoil" and then came to mean anything,such as a bill or bank draft, with a counterfoil—or eventually even without one.单词check ， chess 和 shah 是互相关联的。 Shah 就象有人可能想象的那样， 是英语里的外来词，原指波斯国王的称号。波斯词语shah 也是国际象棋中的术语， 国际象棋在被引进欧洲之前早就在波斯流传。当对手的“国王”受到攻击时我们说shah 作为一种警告。 这个意义的波斯单词，通过阿拉伯语，可能还有古西班牙语和后来的古法语，大约在七百年前被收入中世纪英语中chek 。 Chess 本身来自于古法语 check 的复数形式。 Checkmate ，是 check 的下一步， 来自于阿拉伯短语shah mat， 意思是“国王进退两难”。从对“国王”将军这个概念演化而来，check 的含义经历了复杂的发展过程，它后来指用以确保准确性或真实性的某种东西。 例如，其中一个含义是指作为支票的一部分的存根，由签发支票的人保留作为交易的单据。Check 最初是指“存根”， 后来指任何有存根的东西，如帐单或银行汇票等，最后甚至指没有存根的东西〔Issus〕An ancient town of southeast Asia Minor near modern-day Iskenderun, Turkey. Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia here in 333b.c. 伊苏斯：小亚细亚东南部的一个古代城镇，位于现在土耳其的伊斯肯德仑港附近，公元前 333年，亚历山大大帝在这里击败了波斯的大流士三世 〔Croesus〕Last king of Lydia (560-546) whose kingdom, which had prospered during his reign, fell to the Persians under Cyrus.克罗伊斯：吕底亚王国的末代国王(560-546年），他的王国在他的统治期间曾一度兴盛，后被居鲁士率领的波斯军队攻占〔Bactria〕An ancient country of southwest Asia. It was an eastern province of the Persian Empire before its conquest by the Greeks in 328b.c. . The kingdom was destroyed c. 130 b.c. by nomadic tribes. 巴克特里亚：亚洲西南的一个古国，于公元前 328年被希腊征服之前是波斯王国的一个东部省份，这个王国大约在 公元前 130年被游牧部落摧毁 〔seersucker〕Through its name, seersucker, a lightweight fabric for summer suits and dresses, gives us a glimpse at the history of India.The facts of the word's history are that it came into English from the East Indian language Hindi (śīrśakar ). The word in Hindi was borrowed from the Persian compoundshīroshakar, meaning literally "milk and sugar"but used in a figurative way for a striped linen garment.The Persian wordshakar, "sugar,” in turn came from Sanskrit śarkarā. Persian, Indian, English—clearly we are dealing with multiple cultural borrowing here,and the Persians did indeed borrow sugar and the word for sugar from India in the 6th century.During and after Tamerlane's invasion of India in the late 14th century,the opportunity for borrowing Persian things and words such asshīr-o-shakar was present, since the Mongol Turk Tamerlane incorporated Persia as well as India into his empire.It then remained for the English during the 18th century, when the East India Company and England were moving toward supremacy in India, to borrow the material and its nameseersucker (first recorded in 1722 in the form Sea Sucker ) from an Indian language. 适合制作夏季服装的一种很轻的面料，通过它的名字——泡泡纱让我们对印度历史有所了解。关于这个单词的历史事实是这个词从东印度语言——印地语(sirsakar )进入英语。 在印地语中，这个词来源于波斯语复合词shiroshakar ， 其字面意思是“牛奶和糖”，但用其比喻意来指一种有条纹的亚麻长袍。波斯语shakar 意思是“糖”，来自于梵文 sarkara 。 波斯语，印度语，英语——显而易见，这里我们要研究的是多元文化的借用，而事实上波斯人确实于公元6世纪从印度输入了糖和表示糖的单词。在14世纪后期泰摩兰入侵印度期间和之后，就有了借用波斯物品及单词，如shir-o-shakar 的机会， 因为突厥化了的蒙古人泰摩兰不但把波斯还把印度并入了自己的王国。在18世纪，当东印度公司和英国印度取得至高权威后，才从一种印度语言中输入了seersucker 的材料及名称（最初的记载形式是 Sea sucker ，出现于1722年） 〔Firdausi〕Persian epic poet whoseBook of Kings (1010) recounts the history of Persia from the arrival of the Persians to the Arab conquest. 斐尔杜西：波斯英雄史诗诗人，他的《列王记》 （1010年）记叙了波斯从波斯人的到来至阿拉伯征服的历史 〔Shiraz〕A city of southwest-central Iran south-southeast of Tehran. It has long been an important commercial center noted for its carpets and metalwork. The ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby. Population, 800,000.设拉子：伊朗中西南部一城市，在德黑兰东南偏南。该城长期以来一直是商业中心，以其出产的地毯和金属制品闻名。古代波斯波利斯城的遗址就在附近。人口800,000〔onager〕A fast-running wild ass(Equus hemionus subsp. onager) of central Asia, having an erect mane and a broad black stripe along its back. 中亚野驴：一种跑得很快的野生驴（马属 波斯野驴 亚种 中亚野驴） ，产于亚洲中部，长有竖立的鬃毛，而且背上有一条很宽的黑色条纹 〔Parsee〕A member of a Zoroastrian religious sect in India, descended from Persians.帕西人，印度袄教徒：起源于波斯的印度袄教派的成员 |
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