| 单词 | 泰米尔语 |
| 释义 | 〔pompelmous〕probably ultimately from Tamil pampalimāsu 可能最终源自 泰米尔语 pampalimāsu 〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程，因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进，先是被引入印度，之后传播到中东国家、欧洲，最后引进了新大陆，orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的， 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼，也就是说，它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言，包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的，形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时，这个单词也同样西传，从以下可得到明证，如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后，这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ，源于 mela， “水果”及 arancio， “桔树”， 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge， o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响， 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中，早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔bael〕Hindi bēl ; akin to Sanskrit bilvaḥ ; akin to Tamil vi¦ā ; akin to vi¦avu 印地语 bēl ；类似于 梵文 bilvaḥ ；类似于 泰米尔语 vi¦ā ；类似于 vi¦avu 〔Dravidian〕A large family of languages spoken especially in southern India and northern Sri Lanka that includes Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada.达罗毗荼语系：使用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的一个大语族，包括泰米尔语、泰卢固语、马拉亚兰语和卡纳拉语〔pariah〕Tamil paṛaiyar [pl. of] paṛaiyan [pariah caste] 泰米尔语 paṛaiyar paṛaiyan的复数 [贱民阶层] 〔cot〕from Tamil kaṭṭu [to bind, tie] 源自 泰米尔语 kaṭṭu [栓住，系住] 〔curry〕Tamil kaEi 泰米尔语 kaEi 〔mulligatawny〕Tamil mi¦agutaṇṇī 泰米尔语 mi¦agutaṇṇī 〔cheroot〕ultimately from Tamil curruṭṭu 最终源自 泰米尔语 curruṭṭu 〔corundum〕Tamil kuruntam 泰米尔语 kuruntam 〔cachou〕from Tamil kāyccu 源自 泰米尔语 kāyccu 〔sambal〕from Tamil sambhar 源自 泰米尔语 sambhar 〔mandala〕perhaps from Tamil muṭalai [ball] 可能源自 泰米尔语 muṭalai [球] 〔patchouli〕Tamil paccu¦i 泰米尔语 paccu¦i 〔vetiver〕from Tamil veṭṭivēr 源自 泰米尔语 veṭṭivēr 〔catamaran〕Tamil kaṭṭumaram 泰米尔语 kaṭṭumaram 〔beryl〕from Pali ve¦uriya ; akin to perhaps akin to Tamil ve¦iru 源自 巴利语 ve¦uriya ；类似于 可能类似于 泰米尔语 ve¦iru 〔cash〕from Tamil kācu [a small coin] 源自 泰米尔语 kācu [小额硬币] 〔mango〕from Tamil mānkāy 源自 泰米尔语 mānkāy 〔areca〕from Tamil aṭaikkāy 源自 泰米尔语 aṭaikkāy 〔pariah〕In the wordpariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position,we have a reminder of a much more rigid social system,where only certain people could be pariahs.The caste system of India placed members of the pariah caste very low in society;until 1949 they were also known asuntouchables. The wordpariah, however, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil paṛaiyar, the plural of paṛaiyan, the caste name, which literally means “(hereditary) drummer"and comes from the wordpaṛai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613.Its use in English and its extension in use probably owe much to the close relationship that developed between Great Britain and India.Indeed, many of the British servants in India were from the pariah caste.pariah 一词能用于任何一个被社会遗弃的人， 不管他的社会地位如何，在这个词中，对我们有一个更严酷的社会体制的暗示，在这种体制下，仅仅某些特定的人才能成为被社会遗弃的人。印度的社会体制把被遗弃者的社会地位订得很低，直到1949年这些人还仍旧被称作是不可接触者 。 然而，我们已经扩展了含义的pariah 一词从泰米尔语 paraiyar 即 paraiyan 的复数转入英语中来， 字面含义是“（世袭）鼓手”，源于一种特定节日用的鼓名parai 。 1613年这个词首次在英语中有所记录。它在英文中的运用和用法的扩展可能很大程度是由于大不列颠和印度的密切关系。的确，在印度许多英国人的佣人都来自于贱民阶层〔Tamil〕The Dravidian language of the Tamil.泰米尔语：泰米尔人所讲的达罗毗荼语 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。