| 单词 | 流行 |
| 释义 | 〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔phat〕phat fashion; a phat rapper.杰出的流行；第一流的饶舌歌手〔genius〕the genius of Elizabethan England.伊丽莎白女王时代的英国流行风气〔remix〕remixed a popular ballad and turned it into a dance hit.将流行民谣混音为舞曲劲歌〔regency〕Regency Of, relating to, or characteristic of the style prevalent in France during the regency (1715-1723) of Philippe, Duc d'Orléans (1674-1723). Regency 菲力浦风格的：奥尔良大公菲力浦(1674-1723年）摄政时期（1715-1723年）在法国流行风格的，或与此风格有关的或以此风格为特征的〔prevalence〕The condition of being prevalent.流行：盛行的状况〔fashion〕Vogue is applied to fashion that prevails widely ( Vogue 指流行很广的方式( 〔style〕The fashion of the moment, especially of dress; vogue.时髦：尤指衣服之款式；流行〔look〕the preferred look for this fall.今年秋天的流行打扮〔fashion〕These nouns refer to a prevailing or preferred manner of dress, adornment, behavior, or way of life at a given time.这些名词指衣服、装饰、行为或生活方式在特定时间里流行或为众人喜爱的方式。〔prevail〕To be in force, use, or effect; be current:流行：有势力，正在用，有影响；现行：〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔rockabilly〕A form of popular music combining features of rock 'n' roll and country music.乡村摇滚乐：一种综合了摇滚乐和乡村音乐特征的流行音乐形式〔Marley〕Jamaican musician and songwriter who, with his group the Wailers, made reggae internationally popular.马利，罗伯·内斯塔：牙买加音乐家与歌曲作家，与其乐队“恸哭者”一起，使瑞格舞在国际上流行〔epidemic〕An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely.流行：传染病的迅速广泛传播和蔓延〔Burnett〕British-born American writer famous for her popular children's books, especiallyLittle Lord Fauntleroy (1886), whose priggish title character dressed in black velvet with ruffled lace collars and sported long golden curls. 伯内特，弗朗西丝·伊丽莎·霍奇森：(1849-1924) 英裔美国作家，以她的流行儿童作品而出名，特别是《方特勒罗伊小爵爷》 （1886年），其中描写的自命不凡的主角穿着带皱边领子的黑天鹅绒服装，留着炫耀的金黄色的长卷发 〔vogue〕Popular acceptance or favor; popularity:流行，风尚，时髦：普遍的接受或喜欢；普及：〔rebato〕A stiff, flaring collar of lace or other fabric, worn early in the 17th century.大竖领：一种网织的或其它材料的外翻硬领，在17世纪早期流行〔hisself〕Speakers of some vernacular American dialects, particularly in the South, may use the possessive reflexive formhisself instead of himself (as in He cut hisself shaving ) and theirselves or theirself for themselves (as in They found theirselves alone ). These forms reflect the tendency of speakers of vernacular dialects to regularize irregular patterns found in the corresponding standard variety. In Standard English, the pattern of reflexive pronoun forms shows slightly irregular patterning; all forms but two are composed of the possessive form of the pronoun and -self or -selves, as in myself or ourselves. The exceptions are himself and themselves, which are formed by attaching the suffix -self/-selves to the object forms of he and they rather than their possessive forms. Speakers who use hisself and theirselves are smoothing out the pattern's inconsistencies by applying the same rule to all forms in the set.·A further regularization is the use of -self regardless of number, yielding the forms ourself and theirself. Using a singular form in a plural context may seem imprecise, but the plural meaning of ourself and theirself is made clear by the presence of the plural forms our- and their-. Hisself and theirselves have origins in British English and are still prevalent today in vernacular speech in England. 一些美国本土方言的使用者，尤其是美国南方人，可能会用所有格的反身代词形式hisself 代替 himself （如 He cut hisself shaving﹝刮脸时他割到自己﹞ ）以及 theirselves 或 theirself 代替 themselves （如 They found theirselves alone﹝他们发觉自己很孤独﹞ ）。这些形式反映出本土方言使用者试图规则化相应标准变化中的不规则模式。在标准英语中，反身代词模式显示出略微不规则模式的形成；除两个反身代词外，所有的反身代词都由代词的所有格形式加 -self 或 -selves 构成（如 myself 或 ourselves ）。例外的就是 himself 和 themselves ，将后缀 -self/-selves 附加在 he 和 they 的宾格形式而不是所有格形式上形成。采用 hisself 和 theirselves 的本土方言使用者消除了将同一规则用于一组中所有形式时产生的模式矛盾。进一步的规则化是不考虑数量而全部使用 -self ，由此产生 ourself 和 theirself 。在复数上下文中使用单数形式似乎有失严谨，但 ourself 和 theirself 的复数含义已由复数形式的 our- 和 their-清楚表明。Hisself 和 theirselves 起源于英式英语并在英国本土语言中依然流行 〔afloat〕In circulation; prevailing:在流传中地（的）；流行地（的）：〔swing〕A type of popular dance music developed about 1935 and based on jazz but employing a larger band and simpler harmonic and rhythmic patterns.摇摆乐：形成于1935年前后的一种流行舞蹈音乐，以爵士乐为基础，但运用更简单的和声和节奏形式以及更大的管乐队〔craze〕A short-lived popular fashion; a fad.短暂的时尚；流行一时的狂热〔album〕A tall, handsomely printed book, popular especially in the 19th century, often having profuse illustrations and short, sentimental texts.精装书：一种大开的、装璜精美的印刷书，在19世纪尤为流行，常载有大量插图及短小而富感伤情调的文章〔fun〕The use offun as an attributive adjective, as ina fun time, a fun place, most likely originated in a playful reanalysis of the use of the word in sentencessuch asIt is fun to ski, wherefun behaves syntactically like an adjective such as amusing or swell. The usage became popular in the 1950's and 1960's, though there is some evidence to suggest that it has 19th-century antecedents.Certainly the sense of this word makes it particularly susceptible to jocular treatment.But as with other such reanalyses (for example, in the expressiona whole 'nother ), the usage appears to have persisted after the original flavor had been lost.Thus there is no intimation of humorous intent in a press release that announces: fun 作为定语形容词使用， 如一段愉快的时光，一个娱乐场所， 极有可能源于对此词在某些句中用法的玩笑性再分析，如滑雪真好玩 从句法功能来讲， fun 在这里的用法象 amusing 或 swell 之类的形容词。 尽管有证据表明19世纪就出现这种用法了，但开始变得流行却在19世纪50,60年代。当然，此词的这层含义尤令人怀疑对方是否在打趣。但正如其他这类再分析词（例如，在句子a whole 'nother 中一样）， 此用法在最初的含义都失去之后，还一直坚持使用下来。因此当报界发布以下消息时就从中找不出任何滑稽意味了： 〔abroad〕"An epidemic is abroad in America"(Richard M. Smith)“美国正大规模流行疾病”(理查德M.史密斯)〔directional〕"A directional group of sweater knit colors are winter pastels"(Women's Wear Daily)“一组针织套衫颜色的流行趋势是冬天的柔和色”(妇女时装日报)〔Bellamy〕American writer and utopian socialist who publicized his political views through his popular novelLooking Backward (1888). 贝拉米，爱德华：(1850-1898) 美国作家和幻想社会主义者，通过其流行小说《回顾》 （1888年）宣传其政治观点 〔karaoke〕A music entertainment system providing prerecorded accompaniment to popular songs that a performer sings live, usually by following the words on a video screen.伴唱系统：一个提供预先录制的流行音乐伴奏的音乐娱乐系统，演唱者可以当场演唱，通常以跟随着录像屏幕上的字幕方式〔Lothrop〕American writer remembered for her popular series of children's stories about the Pepper family (1877-1916).洛思罗普，哈里艾特·穆尔福德·斯通：(1844-1924) 美国作家，以她关于佩珀一家的系列流行儿童故事（1877-1916年）著名〔currency〕General acceptance or use; prevalence:通用：普遍接受或使用；流行：〔Warhol〕American artist. A leader of the pop art movement, he produced paintings and silk-screen prints of commonplace images, such as soup cans and photographs of celebrities.沃赫尔，安迪：(1930?-1987) 美国艺术家。流行艺术运动领导者之一，他创作了描述普通形象的绘画和绢印版画，如描绘汤罐与名人照片的形象的作品〔nouveau〕New and different, often fashionably so:新近到达的，最近产生的：新且不同的，通常指流行地作法：〔Brummell〕British dandy who popularized new men's fashions, including simply cut clothing, trousers rather than breeches, and elaborate neckwear. An inveterate gambler, he died in poverty in an insane asylum in France.布鲁梅尔，乔治·布赖恩：(1778-1840) 英国的花花公子，其剪裁朴素的衣裤代替西装、领带而成为男士的流行服装。他嗜赌如命，穷困潦倒，死于法国一家精神病医院〔obeah〕A form of religious belief of African origin, practiced in some parts of the West Indies, Jamaica, and nearby tropical America, involving sorcery.奥比巫术：非洲土著的一种宗教形式，在西印度群岛某些地区的牙买加和热带美洲附近地区流行，与巫术有关〔voguish〕voguish terminology.流行一时的术语〔Fogarty〕American fashion designer whose dresses, popular in the 1950's, featured narrow waists and wide, frilly skirts.福格蒂，安妮：(1919-1980) 美国时装设计师，她设计的以窄腰和宽大的荷叶边为特征的服装在50年代流行一时〔crescendo〕Crescendo is sometimes used by reputable speakers and writers to denote a climax or peak, as in noise level, rather than an increase. Although citational evidence over time attests to widespread currency,it is difficult for anyone acquainted with the technical musical sense ofcrescendo to use it to mean "a peak.” Such usage, as inWhen the guard sank a three-pointer to tie the game, the noise of the crowd reached a crescendo, was unacceptable to 55 percent of the Usage Panel.Crescendo 一词有时被享有声誉的演说家和作家用于表示高潮或顶点，而不是指渐强的过程，就象在噪声级中。 尽管过多的引证表明了这一流行趋势，然而对于熟悉渐强 这一音乐上的专门意义的人来说，很难把它用于指“顶点”。 在当后卫投入一个三分球而使比赛成平局时，观众的嘈杂声到达了极点 中的这类用法， 有55%的用法专题使用小组成员不接受〔Ferber〕American writer who wrote several popular novels, includingSo Big (1924), which won a Pulitzer Prize. 费伯，埃德纳：(1887-1968) 美国作家，她写了许多流行小说，包括赢得普利策奖的《如此之大》 （1924年） 〔madrigal〕A typically unaccompanied polyphonic part song using a secular text and intended for four to six voices, developed in Italy in the 16th century and very popular in England in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Sometimes a string accompaniment doubles or replaces one or more of the vocal parts.复调合唱曲：一种典型的无伴奏的复调合唱曲，使用通俗性的歌词，有四到六个声部，16世纪起源于意大利并在16世纪和17世纪早期在英国流行。有时候以伴奏的弦乐器重奏或替代一个或一个以上的声部〔miliaria〕New Latin (fēbris) miliāria [miliary (fever)] 新拉丁语 (fēbris) miliāria [流行粟（粒）疹（热）] |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。