| 单词 | 消除 |
| 释义 | 〔antihistamine〕A drug used to counteract the physiological effects of histamine production in allergic reactions and colds.抗组织胺剂：用于消除过敏反应及感冒中组织胺生理作用的药物〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔abolish〕Scientists are working to find a serum to eradicate the disease.科学家试图发现一种血清来根治消除这种疾病。〔emotive〕an emotive trial lawyer; the emotive issue of nuclear disarmament.一位感情用事的审判律师；消除核武器的事件令人兴奋〔instantaneous〕Relief was instantaneous.痛苦的消除是瞬间的事〔iron〕To settle through discussion or compromise; work out.解决，消除：通过讨论或妥协来解决；消除〔eliminate〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to wipe out someone or something undesirable, especially by using drastic methods such as banishment or execution": 这些动词共有的中心意思是“消除不期望的某人或某物，尤指通过极端的手段，例如放逐或处死”： 〔antidote〕jogging as an antidote to nervous tension.慢跑是消除精神紧张的一剂良药〔sterilize〕To deprive (a person or an animal) of the ability to produce offspring, as by removing the reproductive organs.使绝育：消除（人或动物）生育子孙的能力，如切除生殖器官〔erasure〕The act or an instance of erasing.擦抹：擦掉或消除的动作或事例〔destalinization〕The process of discrediting and eliminating the political policies, methods, and personal image of Joseph Stalin.贬斯大林运动：消除斯大林的政治政策、方法和个人崇拜或使之丧失名誉的过程〔relieve〕"The counselor relieved her fears" (Sir Walter Scott).“顾问消除了她的恐惧” （瓦尔特·施科特爵士）。〔empty〕empty oneself of doubt.消除自己的疑惑〔antianxiety〕Preventing or reducing anxiety:抗焦虑的：防止或消除精神不安的：〔overriding〕Our overriding concern is the eradication of illiteracy.我们最关心的事是消除文盲〔elixir〕A substance or medicine believed to have the power to cure all ills.万应灵药：被认为有能力消除所有疾病的物质或药物〔disabuse〕I must disabuse you of your feelings of grandeur.我必须去消除你的傲气〔stomp〕Onlystamp is used in the sense "to eliminate": 只是stamp 带有“消除”之意： 〔antacid〕Counteracting or neutralizing acidity, especially of the stomach.解酸的，抗酸的，防酸的，中和酸的：消除或中和酸度的，尤其胃酸〔ecomanagement〕Any of various strategies to minimize or eliminate the adverse effects of human activities on the environment.环境管理：减少或消除人类活动对环境不良影响的多元策略〔uproot〕To destroy or remove completely; eradicate.根除，灭绝：完全地毁坏或消除；灭绝，根除〔pie〕"To outlaw deficits . . . is pie in the sky"(Howard H. Baker, Jr.)“消除赤字…只是空中楼阁”(小霍华德H.贝克)〔veto〕To forbid or prohibit authoritatively.权威性的禁止或消除〔deinstitutionalize〕To remove the status of an institution from.消除…的公共机构地位〔erase〕These verbs mean to remove or invalidate something, especially something recorded as by having been written down. Toerase is to wipe or rub out, literally or figuratively: 这些动词都表示消除，使某事（特别是通过写下来记录的事）无效、消失。erase 指确实地或比喻意义上的涂抹掉、擦除掉： 〔antipsychotic〕Counteracting or diminishing the symptoms of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, paranoia, and manic-depressive psychosis.抗精神病的：抵制或消除精神病症状的，如精神分裂症，偏执症和抑郁性精神错乱〔ineradicable〕Impossible to eradicate or be eradicated:根深蒂固的：不可能根除或消除掉的：〔disarm〕"Have the courage to appear poor, and you disarm poverty of its sharpest sting"(Washington Irving)“有勇气显出贫穷，那么你就消除了贫穷最尖锐的疼痛”(华盛顿·欧文)〔Dolby〕A trademark used for an electronic device that eliminates noise from recorded sound and audio signals.道尔贝降噪系统：一种能从录音或声音信号中消除噪音的电子装置的商标名〔cure〕To remove or remedy (something harmful or disturbing):消除，补救：消除或补救（有害或烦扰的东西）：〔burn〕To eliminate the possibility of return or retreat.破釜沉舟：消除返回或撤退的可能性〔abolish〕 Abolish applies only to doing away with conditions, practices, or regulations, not material things or persons: Abolish 仅指消除状况、行为或条令，而不是物质或人： 〔antifertility〕Capable of reducing or eliminating fertility; contraceptive.抗生育的，反受精的，避孕的：有能力减少或消除生育的；避孕的〔biopsy〕The removal and examination of a sample of tissue from a living body for diagnostic purposes.活组织检查，切片检查：因诊断目的而从生命体中取出、消除和观察样品组织〔prevent〕 Forestall usually suggests anticipatory measures taken to counteract, neutralize, or nullify the effects of something: Forestall 通常指预先采取措施来消除，中和或抵消某事的后果： 〔decontaminate〕To make safe by eliminating poisonous or otherwise harmful substances, such as noxious chemicals or radioactive material.消毒：通过消除有毒的或有害的物质，如有毒的化学物质或放射性物质，使…安全〔neutralize〕To counterbalance or counteract the effect of; render ineffective.使无效：平衡或消除…作用；致使无效〔erase〕To remove all traces of.擦净：消除…所有的痕迹〔exterminator〕One that exterminates, especially one whose occupation is the extermination of vermin.扑灭者，根除者：扑灭者，根除者，尤指以消除害虫为业的人〔bulldoze〕To clear, dig up, or move with a bulldozer.用推土机整地：用推土机消除、削平或挖出 |
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