| 单词 | 源头 |
| 释义 | 〔Schoolcraft〕American geologist, ethnologist, and explorer who discovered the source of the Mississippi River (1832).斯库·科拉夫特，亨利·罗：(1793-1864) 美国地质学家、民族学家、探险家，曾发现密西西比河的源头(1832年）〔up〕In a direction toward the source of:朝上游：没有指向…源头的方向的：〔sprig〕from Old English [source of water] 源自 古英语 [水的源头] 〔sorrow〕A source or cause of sorrow; a misfortune.伤心事，悲伤的原因：悲伤的源头或原因；不幸的事〔Victoria〕A lake of east-central Africa bordered by Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It was first sighted in 1858 by the British explorer John Speke, who was searching for the source of the Nile River.维多利亚湖：非洲中东部的湖泊，在乌干达、肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚接界处。它是在1858年被英国探险家约翰·斯巴克在寻找尼罗河的源头时首次发现的〔fountainhead〕A spring that is the source or head of a stream.源头，源泉：一条溪流的源头或源泉〔upriver〕Toward or near the source of a river; in the direction opposite to that of the current:在上游的，向上游（的），从上游的：朝向或接近河流源头；同水流的方向相反：〔Anticosti〕An island of eastern Quebec, Canada, at the head of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534.安蒂科斯蒂岛：加拿大魁北克东部一岛屿，位于圣劳伦斯海湾的源头。1534年被雅克·卡提尔发现〔Tana〕A lake of northwest Ethiopia. It is the largest lake in the country and the source of the Blue Nile.塔纳湖，塔斯纳湖：埃塞俄比亚西北的一个湖泊。它是该国内的最大湖泊，也是蓝尼罗河的源头〔source〕The point of origin, such as a spring, of a stream or river.See Synonyms at origin 源头：起源的那一点，如泉水、小溪或河流的源头 参见 origin〔Rand〕Russian-born American writer primarily known for her polemical novels, such asThe Fountainhead (1943), which defend political conservatism. 兰特，艾因：(1905-1982) 美籍俄裔作家，主要以其政治性小说而出名，如《泉水源头》 （1943年），该小说为政治上的保守主义辩护 〔yes〕The wordyes is a good example of how an ordinary and frequently used word can have a complex etymology. We can traceyes back to two Indo-European roots, .i-, a pronominal stem, and .es-, "to be.” From two extended forms of.i-, .yām and .yāi, came the prehistoric Common Germanic forms.jā and jai, which gave us Old Englishgeā, an affirmative particle, the source of Modern Englishyea. The Indo-European root.es- is the source of our forms am and is. From the stem.sī- used to make verb forms in the optative mood, a mood used to express a wish, came the Germanic form.sijai-, which gave us Old Englishsīe, "may it be so.” This form, unlike the sources ofam and is, died out, but before disappearing it had combined with Old Englishgēa to form the compound gēse, the ancestor of our wordyes. Thissīe was destined to have even more of a triumph. Until around 1600yea was used to respond to positive expressions, whereasyes was used to respond to negative expressions. After that timeyes became a response to both positive and negative expressions, yea surviving primarily in voice votes. yes 一词是说明一个普通常用词如何拥有一复杂词源的极好例证。 我们可以追溯yes 到两个印欧语词根， 代名词词干i- 和 es- “是”。 从i-的两种扩展形式，yam 和 yai， 形成了史前普通日耳曼语形式ja 和 jai, 它们又带来了古英语中的肯定虚词gea ， 这便是现代英语yea 的来源。 而印欧语词根es- 是我们 am 和 is 两形式的源头。 以is- ，一个用于制造祈愿语气动词的词干， 产生出日尔曼形式sijai-， 并由此形成了古英语sie, “希望如此”。 这种形式不象am 和 is 的词源，已经灭绝了， 但在消失之前，它已经和古英语gea 混合形成复合词 gese， 即我们的单词yes 的前身。 这个sie 注定要获取更大的胜利。 直至1600年左右，yea 还被用于回答肯定的陈述； 而yes 则用于回答否定陈述。 此后，yes 既可作肯定也可否定表达的回答， yea 则主要在口头投票时使用 〔Livingstone〕Scottish missionary and African explorer. He discovered the Zambezi River (1851) and Victoria Falls (1855). Henry M. Stanley found him in Tanzania (1871), and together they attempted to find the source of the Nile.利文斯通，戴维：(1813-1873) 苏格兰传教士及非洲探险家。他发现了赞比西河（1851年）和维多利亚瀑布（1855年）。亨利·Ｍ·史坦利在坦桑尼亚找到他然后二人试图共同寻找尼罗河的源头〔Kingston〕A city of southeast Ontario, Canada, on Lake Ontario near the head of the St. Lawrence River. The present city was founded by Loyalists in 1783 on the site of Fort Frontenac, a crucial defense point in the French and Indian Wars. It was the capital of Canada from 1841 to 1844. Population, 52,616.金斯顿：加拿大安大略省东南部一城市，位于安大略河河边靠近圣劳伦斯河源头处。现在的城市是由亲英分子1783年在龙特耐克堡上建造的，曾是法国与印第安人战争期间的一个重要防御点。从1841至1844年，它是加拿大首都。人口52,616〔upward〕To or toward the source, origin, or interior.去（向）源头，起源或内部〔mother〕A creative source; an origin:根本，源泉：创造性的源头；起源：〔root〕A primary source; an origin.See Synonyms at origin 最初的根源；源头 参见 origin〔deduce〕To trace the origin or derivation of.溯源：追溯…的源头或起源于…〔stalactite〕The wordsstalagmite and stalactite have confused many a person. A look into the history of the Greek sources of these two words may help.Both words can be traced back to the wordstalassein, "to drip,” which is appropriatesince both words denote deposits in caves formed by the dripping of mineral-rich water.The Greek base from whichstalassein was formed was stalak- and to this base were added several endings that concern us,specifically-ma, a noun suffix most frequently denoting the result of an action, -mo-, a suffix denoting the action of a verb as well as a result, and -to-, an adjective suffix forming verbal adjectives. With these suffixes and the addition of the inflectional endings, as well as a sound change from (k) to (g) before (m),we getstalagma, "that which drops, a drop,” stalagmos, "dropping, dripping of stalactites,” and stalaktos, "dropping, dripping.” Using these Greek words,Olaus Wormius formed the Modern Latin wordstalactītēs, the stalac- part meaning "dripping" and the-ītēs part being commonly used to name fossils and minerals when preceded by a form expressing a physical characteristic, in this case "dripping.” Wormius also used the termstalagmītēs, the stalag- portion expressing the notion of what drops, taken either fromstalagma, "that which drops, a drop,” or stalagmos, "dropping of stalactites.” Stalactītēs and stalagmītēs, of course, are the sources of our English words stalactite (first recorded in 1677), the formation on the tops of caves, and stalagmite (first recorded in 1681), the formation on the bottoms of caves. They have been causing trouble ever since.单词stalagmite 和 stalactite 令许多人混淆。 对这两个词的希腊起源历史进行研究可能会帮助理解。这两个字都能追溯到单词stalassein （“滴下”）， 这是很恰当的，因为两个字都表示洞里由富含矿物的水下滴而形成的沉积。形成stalassein 的希腊根源是 stalak- ， 在这个根源上加上几个与我们有关的词尾，特别是-ma （往往用来表示动作结果的名词后缀）， -mo- （用来表示动词的动作和结果的后缀）和 -to- （形成动词性形容词的形容词后缀）。 通过这些后缀和屈折变化词尾的添加以及在(m)前面由(k)到(g)的变音，我们得到了stalagma （“滴下的东西，一滴”）、 stalagmos “滴，滴下钟乳石”和 stalaktos （“落下，滴下的”）。 利用这些希腊字，奥罗斯·沃米斯组成了现代拉丁单词stalactites ， stalac- 意指“滴”。 而-ites 当由一个表示物理特征的形式开头时，通常用来表示化石和矿物，指“滴下”。 沃米斯也使用stalagmites ， stalag- 表示滴下的东西的概念， 源于stalagma （“滴下的东西，一滴”）或 stalagmos （“滴下的钟乳石”）。 stalacitites 和 stalagmites ，当然是我们的英语单词 stalactite （首次出现于1677年）即洞穴顶部的形成物和 stalagmite （最早记载于1681年）即洞穴底部的形成物的源头。 自那以后它们就常造成一些麻烦〔pure〕"A memory without blot or contamination must be . . . an inexhaustible source of pure refreshment"(Charlotte Brontë)“没有污点或污染的回忆一定是…使人清新纯净的永不枯竭的源头”(夏洛特·勃朗特)〔parentage〕Derivation from a source; origin.起源：从某一源头起始；源头〔Burton〕British explorer and Orientalist. Disguised as a Pathan, he journeyed (1853) to the forbidden cities of Mecca and Medina and in 1858 tried unsuccessfully to discover the source of the Nile River. His best-known work is a translation ofThe Arabian Nights (1885-1888), which was considered scandalous at the time. 伯顿，理查德·弗朗西斯：(1821-1890) 英国探险家和东方学家。他假扮成帕坦人游历了禁城麦加和麦地那(1853年），1858年他试图探索尼罗河源头，但未成功。他最有名的作品是《天方夜谭》 （1885-1888年）的译本，此部作品在当时被认为是丑恶可耻的 〔bottom〕Let's get to the bottom of the problem.让我们回到问题的源头〔headstream〕A stream that is a source of a river.小溪上游：河流源头的小溪流〔primordial〕from Latin prīmōrdium [origin] 源自 拉丁语 prīmōrdium [来源，源头] 〔irritant〕A source of irritation:刺激物：刺激的源头：〔fount〕One that initiates or dispenses; a source:源，源头：能够创造或分散的源头；发源地：〔Itasca〕A lake of northwest Minnesota. It was identified in 1832 as the source of the Mississippi River.艾塔斯卡湖：美国明尼苏达州西北一湖泊。它于1832年被确认为密西西比河的源头〔Ruwenzori〕A mountain range of east-central Africa on the Uganda-Zaire border. The range was explored in 1889 by Henry M. Stanley and has traditionally been associated with the geographer Ptolemy's Mountains of the Moon, the supposed source of the Nile River.鲁文佐里山：非洲中东部沿乌干达-扎伊尔边界的一座山脉。1889年亨利·M·斯坦利探险时发现这座山，传统上与地理学家托勒密的月亮山-尼罗河的假设源头有联系 |
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