| 单词 | 烟草 |
| 释义 | 〔smoker〕One who smokes tobacco.吸烟者：吸食烟草的人〔excise〕excises on tobacco, liquor, and long-distance telephone calls.烟草、酒及长途电话税〔petunia〕"Tobacco is a dirty weed,” as the song goes (it also perversely admits "I like it, I like it"),but tobacco has some nice relatives in the nightshade family,such as the tomato, red pepper, and eggplant.One of its more beautiful relatives,the petunia, is actually named for tobacco.This curious story begins when the Portuguese in South America picked up their wordpetum, meaning "tobacco,”from a Tupi-Guarani word,such as Tupipetyn. From Portuguese the word made its way into French (pétun ), from which English borrowed the word (petun remains an archaic word for tobacco). The name of the genuspetunia was formed in New Latin (1789) from French pétun because of the close relationship of the petunia genus to tobacco. Englishpetunia, taken from Modern Latin, is first recorded around 1825. 如歌（它也荒谬地承认“我喜欢它，我喜欢它”） 中所唱“烟草是一种肮脏的杂草”，但烟草有一些漂亮的龙葵族的近亲，例如蕃茄、红椒和茄子。它更漂亮的族亲之一，矮牵牛实际上是以烟草命名的。这个奇妙的传说始于南美洲的葡萄牙人使用词汇petum 时， 意思是“烟草”，该词来源于一个图皮--瓜拉尼语词汇，如图皮语petyn。 这个词从葡萄牙语进入了法语（petun ）， 英语又借用了这个法语词(petun 保留了烟草的古代词汇）。 因为矮牵牛属植物同烟草有着相近的关系，种属名称petunia 以源于法语 pétun 的新拉丁语形成了(1789年）。 来自现代拉丁文的英语词petunia 首次记录大约出现在1825年 〔nicotiana〕Any of various flowering annual or perennial herbs of the genusNicotiana, native to the Americas and including the tobacco plant and ornamental species with fragrant flowers. 烟草属：一种源于美洲的箭羽烟草花 属开花的一年或多年生草本植物，包括烟草植物和带有芳香花朵的装饰性种类 〔pigtail〕A twisted roll of tobacco.辫状烟草束：一束弯曲缠绕着的烟草〔snuff〕tabak [tobacco] tabak [烟草] 〔Palmira〕A city of western Colombia southwest of Bogotá on the Pan-American Highway. Coffee and tobacco are grown in the area. Population, 174,425.帕尔米拉：美国哥伦比亚西部的城市，在波哥大西南，位于泛美公路上。该地区产咖啡和烟草。人口174,425〔spittoon〕A bowl-shaped, usually metal vessel, often with a funnel-shaped cover, into which tobacco chewers periodically spit.痰盂：一种碗状金属容器，通常有一漏斗状盖子，烟草咀嚼者定时地往里吐东西〔oast〕A kiln for drying hops or malt or drying and curing tobacco.烘炉：烘啤酒花或麦芽或烘烤加工烟草的干窑〔cigarette〕A similar roll of another substance, such as a tobacco substitute or marijuana.其他物质相似的卷，如烟草替代物或大麻〔petunia〕from obsolete French pétun [tobacco] 源自 已废法语 pétun [烟草] 〔mild〕a mild pipe tobacco; a mild sedative.味淡的烟草；平和的镇静剂〔Hopkinsville〕A city of southwest Kentucky west-southwest of Bowling Green. It is a tobacco and livestock market. Population, 29,809.霍普金斯维尔：肯塔基州西南部城市，位于鲍林格林的西南偏西，是一个烟草及家畜市场。人口29,809〔latakia〕An aromatic Turkish tobacco.拉塔其亚烟草：土耳其产的芳香烟草〔chaw〕The use ofchaw for chew , in both the verb and the noun, is remarkably wide in its U.S. distribution,occurring in pronunciations from New England south to the Gulf States,throughout the Midwest,and westward to Colorado and California.Chaw has a wide range of senses in regional expressions. One meaning of the verb is "to bawl someone out": He chawed her good. A Southern sense is "to get the best of someone in a bantering contest" or simply "to embarrass": "That compliment sort of chawed me" (Publication of the American Dialect Society).The nounchaw can mean "a twist of chewing tobacco" or "an attachment or hold (on someone)”; for example, a flirtatious girl in South Midland states is "tryin' to git a chaw on a feller" (Dialect Notes).In areas where Irish immigrants were seeking work at the turn of the century,chaw was a derogatory term for an Irishman. 在名词以及动词形式上以chaw 代替 chew 的用法， 在美国分得尤为普遍，就发音上来说出现在从新英格兰南到海湾各州，整个中西部地区，以及往西直到科罗拉多和加利福尼亚。Chaw 在地区用法上意义范围很广。 动词的一个意义是“痛骂，大声训斥”： 他把她狠狠了骂了一顿。 在南部它指“在互相取笑中占了某人的上风”或者简单地指“使难堪”： “那句称赞让我有些难堪” （美国方言协会出版物）。Chaw 用作名词可以指“一撮咀嚼的烟草”或者“（对某人的）爱慕或占有”； 例如，一个中南部的卖弄风情的女人 “设法让一个小伙子迷上她” （方言笔记）。在本世纪初爱尔兰移民们寻找工作的地区，chaw 是对爱尔兰人的贬称 〔ambeer〕Saliva colored by tobacco chewed or held in the mouth; tobacco juice.烟草汁：咀嚼烟草或把烟草含在嘴里而产生的有色唾液；烟草汁〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation （普利茅斯种植园）中，这对不止一名读者来说，可能看起来是具讽刺意味的， 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区，虽然他们的宗教形式很特别，也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语，指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展， 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源， 最初意为“植物的繁殖，如通过供插栽小枝，”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思，例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样，用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来，在这种情况下，例如烟草或棉花等农作物，生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场，且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔kinnikinnick〕Unami (Delaware language) kələkkəníikkan [literally, item for mixing in, kinnikinnick] 乌纳米语（特拉华语） kələkkəníikkan [在文学上，混合用的一项，烟草混合物] 〔kinnikinnick〕A preparation made from dried leaves, bark, and sometimes tobacco and smoked especially by certain Native American peoples.烟草混合物：由干的叶，树皮，有时还有烟叶组成的制剂，尤其为北美印第安人吸用〔Winchester〕A city of east-central Kentucky east-southeast of Lexington. It is a manufacturing and processing center in a tobacco and livestock area. Population, 15,799.温彻斯特市：美国肯塔基州中东部一城市，在莱克星顿的东南偏东方向，是烟草和家禽产地的制造和加工中心。人口15,799〔bidi〕A thin, often flavored Indian cigarette made of tobacco wrapped in a tendu leaf.比迪烟：常加入香料的细长印度香烟，用亚洲乌木叶裹烟草制成〔Raleigh〕English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he campaigned in Ireland and Cádiz, explored Guiana, colonized Virginia, and introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure. His literary works include poetry, memoirs, and a world history.罗利，沃尔特：(1552?-1618) 英国大臣，航海家，殖民者，作家。他是伊丽莎白一世的宠臣，曾在爱尔兰和卡迪兹活动，考察了圭亚那，在弗吉尼亚州移民，把烟草和马铃薯传入欧洲。詹姆斯一世时被判为叛国罪，获释后又到圭亚那进行了一次远征，远征失败而被处死。他的文学著作包括诗歌、回忆录和世界历史〔filler〕Tobacco used to form the body of a cigar.作烟心的烟草：用来构成卷烟体的烟草〔Havelock〕A city of southeast North Carolina east of Fayettesville. It processes cotton and tobacco. Population, 20,268.哈夫洛克：美国北卡罗来纳州东南一城市，位于费依特维尔东部。是加工棉花和烟草的中心。人口20,268〔cigarette〕A small roll of finely cut tobacco for smoking, enclosed in a wrapper of thin paper.纸烟，香烟：用于吸烟的切好的小卷烟草，用薄纸包着〔smoke〕To draw in and exhale the smoke of (tobacco, for example):吸，抽：吸入和呼出（例如烟草的烟）：〔nicotine〕A colorless, poisonous alkaloid, C10H 14N 2, derived from the tobacco plant and used as an insecticide. It is the substance in tobacco to which smokers can become addicted. 尼古丁：无色有毒生物碱，C10H 14N 2，从烟草中提取被用作杀虫剂，它是烟草中致使吸烟者上瘾的物质 〔cigar〕from sik [tobacco] 源自 sik [烟草] 〔Khaskovo〕A city of southern Bulgaria east-southeast of Plovdiv. Tobacco growing and processing are important to its economy. Population, 91,000.哈斯科伏：保加利亚南部城市，位于普洛迪夫东南偏东方向。烟草种植和加工对其经济很重要。人口91,000〔nornicotine〕A colorless liquid alkaloid, C9H 12N 2, extracted from tobacco and used as a plant insecticide. 降烟碱：无色液体碱，C9H 12N 2，提取自烟草并用作植物杀虫剂 〔Goldsboro〕A city of east-central North Carolina southeast of Raleigh. It is a manufacturing center and marketplace for a tobacco-growing region. Population, 40,709.戈尔兹伯勒：美国北卡罗来纳州中东部，罗利东南部的城市。制造业中心和烟草区的交易场所。人口40,709〔tobacconist〕A dealer in tobacco and smoking supplies.烟草商：一个做烟草和吸烟用品生意的商人〔Utsunomiya〕A city of central Honshu, Japan, north of Tokyo. It is a resort and tobacco-processing center. Population, 405,384.宇都宫：日本本州中部的城市，在东京的北面。旅游胜地及烟草加工中心。人口405,384〔irritant〕tobacco smoke, a common eye irritant.烟草发出的烟，一种常见的眼睛刺激物〔burley〕A light-colored tobacco grown chiefly in Kentucky and used especially in making cigarettes.白莱烟：一种浅颜色烟草，主要生长在美国肯塔基州，尤用于制造香烟〔tobacco〕The habit of smoking tobacco:抽烟：吸食烟草的习惯：〔tobacco〕tobacco products; tobacco fields.烟草制品；烟草产地〔perique〕perhaps from Périque , nickname of Pierre Chenet , a Louisiana tobacco grower 可能源自 Périque ， 皮埃里·切纳特 的别名，路易斯安娜一个烟草种植者 〔strip〕To remove the leaves from the stalks of. Used especially of tobacco.摘（叶）：从茎杆上摘取叶子。尤用于烟草〔chew〕Something held in the mouth and chewed, especially a plug of tobacco.咀嚼物：含在嘴里咀嚼的东西，尤指一块烟草 |
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