| 单词 | 熟悉 |
| 释义 | 〔fish〕Completely unfamiliar with one's surroundings or activity.如鱼离水的，感到生疏：对自己所处的环境或所干的事完全不熟悉的〔sierra〕Perhaps in formal contextsit is wise after mentioning a mountain range such as the Sierra Nevadato refer to it next asthe Sierras rather thanthe Sierra Mountains, sincemountains is inherent in sierra. Nonetheless, many Californians and Nevadans in particular will be very familiar with phrases such asthe Sierra Mountains. Such phrases are used because to a non-Spanish speakersierra does not necessarily have a meaning, unless one is familiar with the English wordsierra, "a rugged range of mountains having an irregular profile,” borrowed from Spanish. In Spanishsierra originally meant "saw" and so was aptly applied to a range of hills or mountains rising in peaks that suggested the teeth of a saw.It comes from Latinserra, "saw,” to which can also be traced our wordserrated. 也许在正式的语境中，提到了一山脉如内华达山脉之后，紧接着再提到时称为the Sierra ， 而不是the Sierra Mountains ， 因为mountains 是包含在 sierra 之中的。 尽管如此，许多加利福尼亚人，尤其是内华达人对类似the Sierra Mountains 这样的词组很熟悉。 使用这样的词组是因为对一个非西班牙语的人来说，sierra 一词并不一定有意义， 除非是一个熟悉这个从西班牙语中借用来的英语单词sierra （一崎岖的山脉，有曲折的轮廓）的人。 在西班牙语中，sierra 原意为“锯子”， 所以很恰当地被用来指峰峦叠起，使人联想起锯齿的山脉或群山。这个词来源于拉丁文serra （锯子）， serrated 也可以追溯到这个拉丁词 〔arrowroot〕The arrowroot is just one of many plants that the European settlers and explorers discovered in the New World.The Arawak, a people who formerly lived on the Caribbean Islands and continue to inhabit certain regions of Guiana, named this plantaru-aru, meaning "meal of meals,” so called because they thought very highly of the starchy, nutritious meal made from the arrowroot.The plant also had medicinal value because its tubers could be used to draw poison from wounds inflicted by poison arrows.The medicinal application of the roots provided the impetus for English speakers to remakearu-aru into arrowroot, first recorded in English in 1696. Folk etymology—the process by which an unfamiliar element in a word is changed to resemble a more familiar word,often one that is semantically associated with the word being refashioned—has triumphed once again,thus denying us the direct borrowing ofaru-aru and giving us arrowroot instead. 竹芋仅是欧洲探险家和拓荒者在新大陆发现的多种植物中的一种。曾居住在加勒比海各岛，现仍在圭亚那部分地区居住的阿拉瓦克人把这种植物称为aru-aru 意思是“餐中餐”， 这样称呼是因为他们非常看重这种用竹芋粉做成的淀粉状的，非常有营养的食物。这种植物同时还有医疗价值，因为其块茎可用来从毒箭箭伤处把毒吸出来。这种植物的医疗作用促使讲英语的人重新将aru-aru 命名为 arrowroot ，1696年首次在英语中予以记载。 词的通俗变化就是比较陌生的词被比较熟悉的词所替代的过程，常常是被一个语义上与被翻新的词有联系的词。这里，通俗词汇学又一次取得胜利，不允许我们直接借用aru-aru ，而是另给了我们一个 arrowroot 。 〔trite〕 Trite, hackneyed, andshopworn imply overfamiliarity resulting from overuse or repetition; the terms often suggest reduction of something once forceful to an empty formula or cliché: Trite, hackneyed 和shopworn 暗指因为过度使用或重复而导致熟悉了； 这几个词通常暗示曾一度强有力的东西已为成了空洞无味的套式或陈词滥调： 〔shakedown〕Serving to test the performance of a ship or an aircraft and to familiarize the crew with operation of the craft:试航的：用作检验船或飞行器性能并使机组人员熟悉其运行的：〔familiarity〕Considerable acquaintance with.熟悉：与某人相当熟知〔old〕Known through long acquaintance; long familiar:熟悉的：认识较久的：〔inward〕Intimate; familiar:亲密的；熟悉的：〔know〕To perceive as familiar; recognize:察觉，认得：看上去觉得熟悉；认识：〔caterpillar〕It seems that the larvae of moths and butterflies are popularly seen as resembling other, larger animals.Consider the Italian dialect wordgatta, "cat, caterpillar"; the German dialect termtüfelskatz, "caterpillar" (literally "devil's cat"); the French wordchenille, "caterpillar" (from a Vulgar Latin diminutive, .canīcula, of canis, "dog"); and last but not least,our own wordcaterpillar, which appears probably to have come through Northern French from the Old French termchatepelose, meaning literally "hairy cat.”Our wordcaterpillar is first recorded in English in 1440 in the formcatyrpel. Catyr, the first part of catyrpel, may indicate the existence of an English word.cater, meaning "tomcat,”otherwise attested only incaterwaul. Cater would be cognate with Middle High German kater and Dutch kater. The latter part ofcatyrpel seems to have become associated with the word piller, "plunderer.” By giving the variant spelling -ar, Johnson's Dictionary set the spelling caterpillar with which we are familiar today. 似乎蛾子和蝴蝶的幼虫经常会被看成与其它较大动物相似。意大利方言中gatta， 一字，“猫，毛虫”； 日耳曼方言中tüfelskatz 一字“毛虫”（直译为“邪恶的猫”）； 法语词chenille， “毛虫”（来自民间拉丁语小词缀， canicula， 源自 canis ，是“狗”的意思）； 最后但并非不重要的一点，英语中caterpillar 一词， 可能是来源于从法国北部传来的古法语词汇chatepelose， 字面意思是“多毛的猫”。caterpillar 一字于1440年最早记录在英语中， 以catyrpel的形式出现。 Catyr是 catyrpel 的第一部分， 可能指明英语词cater 的存在， 意指“雄猫”，否则只能存在于caterwaul一词中。 Cater可能与中世纪高地德语 kater 和荷兰语 kater 有关。 catyrpel 一词的后一部分似乎与 piller 一词有关，意思是“强盗”。 约翰逊的词典 给出了不同的拼写- ar， 从而形成了我们今天所熟悉的 caterpillar 〔introduce〕To present (someone) by name to another in order to establish an acquaintance.介绍：将（某人）名字介绍给他人以便相互熟悉〔disavow〕To disclaim knowledge of, responsibility for, or association with.否认，不承认：否认熟悉，拒绝对…承担责任，否认与…有关系〔brave〕"Familiarity with danger makes a brave man braver, but less daring" (Herman Melville). “熟悉危险使勇士更勇敢，但减少了鲁莽” （赫尔曼·麦维尔）。〔standard〕Normal, familiar, or usual:平等的，熟悉的，通常的：〔crescendo〕Crescendo is sometimes used by reputable speakers and writers to denote a climax or peak, as in noise level, rather than an increase. Although citational evidence over time attests to widespread currency,it is difficult for anyone acquainted with the technical musical sense ofcrescendo to use it to mean "a peak.” Such usage, as inWhen the guard sank a three-pointer to tie the game, the noise of the crowd reached a crescendo, was unacceptable to 55 percent of the Usage Panel.Crescendo 一词有时被享有声誉的演说家和作家用于表示高潮或顶点，而不是指渐强的过程，就象在噪声级中。 尽管过多的引证表明了这一流行趋势，然而对于熟悉渐强 这一音乐上的专门意义的人来说，很难把它用于指“顶点”。 在当后卫投入一个三分球而使比赛成平局时，观众的嘈杂声到达了极点 中的这类用法， 有55%的用法专题使用小组成员不接受〔saying〕These nouns refer to concise verbal expressions setting forth wisdom or a truth.Asaying is an often repeated and familiar expression: 这些名词都指富含智慧和真理意味的简洁话语的表达。Saying 指常被重复和熟悉的表达： 〔charlatan〕A charlatan and chatter are inseparable,even perhaps in the etymology ofcharlatan. According to one explanation,charlatan goes back through French to Italian ciarlatano, "mountebank, fraud,” from the wordciarlare, "to chatter.” Another explanation would derivecharlatan from the Italian word cerretano, "an inhabitant of Cerreto, a quack,” the village of Cerreto being noted for its charlatans.It seems, however, that bothciarlare and cerretano have been involved in the formation of the Italian word. The first example of the English word and of its earliest recorded sense,"huckster, especially of medicines, who gives his pitch to a crowd; mountebank,” is found in 1618.The sense familiar to us,"a person pretending to skill or knowledge,”is first recorded in 1809.“冒充内行者”与“喋喋不休”是分不开的，甚至也许在charlatan 的词源上。 根据一种解释，charlatan 可以由法语追溯到意大利语的 ciarlatano， “江湖郎中，骗子”， 其来自ciarlare “喋喋不休”。 另一种解释是从意大利词cerretano 派生出 charlatan， “塞利托的居民，庸医，” 以其庸医闻名的塞利托村。但似乎ciarlare 与 cerretano 两个词都与这个意大利词的形成有关。 这个英语词第一个例子以及它最早记载的意义，“大吹大擂推销商品的人，尤指向人群推销药品的人；江湖医生，”见于1618年。对于我们熟悉的含义，“冒充在技能和知识上内行的人，”最早记载于1809年〔conversance〕The state of being conversant; familiarity.熟悉：熟悉、精通的状态；熟识〔conversant〕Familiar, as by study or experience:精通的：（如通过学习或经历）熟悉的：〔nickname〕A familiar or shortened form of a proper name.缩写，常用的形式：一个名字的熟悉的或缩写的形式〔fall〕"Moscow's own familiar charges . . . will also fall on deaf ears"(Foreign Affairs)“莫斯科自己熟悉的职责也被忽视了”(外交事务)〔TOEFL〕A trademark for a standardized examination for proficiency in English as a foreign language.托福考试：标准考试的标志，测试对作为外语的英语的熟悉程度〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔snob〕Snobs look down at their inferiors,but at one timesnobs looked up at their betters.The wordsnob, the ultimate origins of which are uncertain, is first found in 1781in the sense "shoemaker, cobbler,”a regional and informal usage.The word is recorded around 1796in a slang usage particular to Cambridge University, "a townsman as opposed to a gownsman.”Both senses may have fed into the sense first found in 1831, "a member of the ordinary or lower classes.”Along with this sense went another (1838), "a person without proper breeding or taste.”From these two senses arose the sense first recorded in 1848, "a person who looks up to his or her social betters and tries to copy or associate with them.”We can see how this sense could blend into the other familiar sense,"one who looks down on those considered inferior" (1911).势利小人们都瞧不起不如他们的人，但有一段时间，势利小人只是羡慕地位比他们高的人。Snob 这个词最远的起源还不清楚， 它第一次出现于1781年，意为“鞋匠，补鞋人”，这只是一种方言和非正式用法。1796年左右的记录显示，这个词有一个专用于剑桥大学的俚语意思，“与贵族相对应的普通市民”。这两个意思都进入了它第一次出现于1831年的“普通或低下阶层中的一员”这个意思。这个意思与另一个意思平行(1838年）：“没有良好教养和品味的人”。从这两个意思发展来了“羡慕地位高于他（她）的人并尽量与之进行联系的人”这个意思，第一次记录于1848年。然后，我们就能发现怎样又从这个意思中派生出了其它我们熟悉的意思，即“瞧不起被认为地位比自己低者的人”(1911年）〔initiate〕One who has been introduced to or has attained knowledge in a particular field.被传授了初步知识的人：已被引入或熟悉某一特定领域知识的人〔vegetable〕When the speaker in Andrew Marvell's "To his Coy Mistress" tells his mistressthat "Had we but world enough, and time . . . /My vegetable love should grow/Vaster than empires and more slow,” he "makes one think of pumpkins and eternity in one breath,”as one critic has playfully suggested.However,vegetable in this case is used figuratively in the sense, "having the property of life and growth, as does a plant.”This use is based on the ancient religious and philosophical notion of the tripartite soul as interpreted by the Scholastics:thevegetative soul common to plants, animals, and humans; thesensitive soul common to animals and humans; and therational soul, found only in humans. “ Vegetable love" in Marvell's poem is thus a love that grows, takes nourishment, and reproduces,although it grows slowly.Marvell's use illustrates the original sense ofvegetable, first recorded in the 15th century.In a work published in 1582 we find recorded for the first time the adjective use ofvegetable familiar to us, "having to do with plants.” In a work of the same date appears the first instance ofvegetable as a noun, meaning "a plant.” It is not until the 18th century that we find the noun and adjective used in the more restricted way associated with the injunction "Eat your vegetables.”当安德鲁·马韦尔的“致他的羞涩情人”一诗中的说话者告诉他的情人 “如果我们有足够的世界和时间…/我的植物一样的爱会生长得/比帝国更广大、更慢”时，他“使人想起了南瓜以及一息之间的永恒，”某个批评家开玩笑似地说。然而，在这个情况下vegetable 是被用于比喻意义上的， 意思是“象植物一样具有生命和生长的性质”。这一用法是基于由经院哲学家所释的三重灵魂的古代宗教和哲学观念之上的：vegetative 的灵魂为植物、动物和人类共有； sensitive 的灵魂为动物和人类共有； 而rational 的灵魂却只存在于人类中。 因此马韦尔诗中的“植物的爱”是一种生长的、吸取营养并繁殖的爱，但是它长得很慢。马韦尔的这一用法指示了vegetable 的原先的含义， 最早记录于15世纪。在一部出版于1582年的作品中，我们第一次找到了已为我们熟悉的vegetable 一词的形容词用法的记录，意思是“与植物有关的”。 在同一时期的另一部作品中，出现了vegetable 作为名词用的第一个例子，意思是“植物”。 直到18世纪，我们才发现该名词和形容词被用于与“吃你的蔬菜”这一命令相关的更受限制的方式中〔fizzle〕In Philemon Holland's 1601 translation of Pliny'sNatural History, we are surprised by the use of the wordfizzle in the statement that if asses eat a certain plant,"they will fall a fizling and farting.” Fizzle was first used in English to mean,in the decorous parlance of theOxford English Dictionary, "to break wind without noise.” During the 19th centuryfizzle took on a related but more respectable sense, "to hiss, as does a piece of fireworks,”illustrated by a quotation from the November 7, 1881, issue of theLondon Daily News: "unambitious rockets which fizzle doggedly downwards.”In the same centuryfizzle also took on figurative senses, one of which seems to have been popular at Yale.TheYale Literary Magazine for 1849 helpfully defines the word as follows: “Fizzle, to rise with modest reluctance, to hesitate often, to decline finally; generally, to misunderstand the question.”The figurative sense offizzle that has caught on is the one with which we are most familiar today, "to fail or die out.”在腓利门荷兰1601年对普林尼的博物志 中， 我们对fizzle 一词的用法感到很惊讶， 它说如果驴吃了某种植物，“他们就会放屁。” Fizzle 首先在英语中指“无声地放屁，”是在牛津英语字典 的高雅用语中出现的。 在19世纪，fizzle 有了一个相关的但更文雅的含义， “发嘶嘶声，如同烟火那样，”这个词义是通过1881年11月7日的伦敦每日新闻 的引文说明的： “抱负不大的火箭，它们顽固地嘶嘶下坠。”同一世纪，fizzle 还赋与了比喻义， 其中的一个比喻义似乎在耶鲁大学很流行。1849年的耶鲁文学杂志 给这个词下了一个有益的定义： “Fizzle， 不十分情愿地上升，常犹豫不决，最终放弃； 通常是弄错问题。”人们已接受的fizzle 的比喻义， 即今天我们最为熟悉的“失败或消失”〔unplugged〕“[His] fans will be pleased that more than half the cuts have the familiar sweetness, even when they include drums and a bit of snarling unplugged guitar" (Jef Scoville)“[他的] 歌迷们很高兴一半以上的歌曲中都有熟悉的甜美风格，即使掺杂一些鼓声或非电子吉他的咆哮音乐亦无妨” (杰夫·斯科维尔)〔testy〕To the casual eyetesty and heady seem to have no connection until one becomes less casual and notes that both words refer to the head.Thehead in heady is easy to see both in the form of the word and in the meanings of the word. The earliest sense,first recorded in a work composed before 1382,is "headlong, headstrong,”which is clearly a "head" sensebut so is the better known current sense "apt to go to the head, intoxicating.”To see thehead in testy, we must look back to the Old French wordtestu, the source of our word. Testu is derived from the Old French word teste, "head" (Modern French tête ). In Englishtesty developed another sense, "aggressive, contentious,” which passed into the sense we are familiar with, "irritable.” 粗看testy 和 heady 似乎没有联系， 直到一个人较为仔细才注意到两个词都指头部。heady 中的 head 很容易看出在形式与意义上均相似。 其最早的意义，首次记录于1382年以前的一部著作中，指“轻率的，顽固的”，显然是“头部”的意思，但现在更为人知的意思是“能入脑的；陶醉的”。而要看head 在 testy 中， 我们必须追溯到古法语testu ，我们这个词的词源。 Testu 源于古法语词 teste ，“头部”（现代法语 tete )。 在英语中，testy 所发展的另一层意思（“好战的，争论的”）转化成了我们熟悉的意思（“暴躁的”） 〔inform〕To acquaint (oneself) with knowledge of a subject.使熟悉：使（自己）对某一主题的知识熟悉〔fey〕The history of the wordsfey and fay illustrates a rather fey coincidence. Our wordfay, "fairy, elf,” the descendant of Middle Englishfaie, "a person or place possessed of magical properties,” and first recorded around 1390,goes back to Old Frenchfae, "fairy,” the same word that has given usfairy. Fae in turn comes from Vulgar LatinFāta, "the goddess of fate,” from Latin fātum, "fate.” Iffay goes back to fate, so doesfey in a manner of speaking, for its Old English ancestorfǣge meant "fated to die.” The sense we are more familiar with, "magical or fairylike in quality,”seems to have arisen partly because of the resemblance in sound betweenfay and fey. fey 和 fay 两词的历史展示了一个十分奇特的巧合。 我们现在所使用的词fay, “神仙，小精灵，” 是中古英语faie, “具有魔力的人或地方”的派生词， 它首次记载于约1390年左右，回溯到古法语fae “神仙”， 这一词产生了我们现在的fairy。 Fae 依次产生于俗拉丁语Fata, “命运女神，”和拉丁语 fatum， “命运。” 如果fay 回到命运的意思， 可以说fey 也是如此， 因为其古英语原形f?ge 的意思即为“注定死亡。” 我们现在更熟悉的意思“性质上具有魔力的或似神仙的”，似乎部分是由于fay 和 fey 在读音上的相似而产生的 〔well〕In a close or familiar manner:详细地，熟悉地：〔mug〕Various senses of the termmug illustrate uses and abuses of the human face. One use to which the face was put in the 18th century was as a form of decoration for cups or mugs.It is probably from these grotesque and striking facesthatmug came to mean "face,” the word in this sense being first recorded in 1708.The next recorded development ofmug is its use as a verb in 1818 in the sense "to strike in the face.” This verb has developed the sense "to attack and rob,”all too familiar to urban dwellers.The face's role in conveying emotion explains the development of the verb sense "to make faces, grimace,”recorded first in 1855.Another sense of the noun, "photograph or portrait of the face,”found earliest in 1887,is an obvious development, although it is ironic that those who mug criminally end up in a mug book.The use of the face to express affection explains the sense "to kiss, fondle,”recorded first in Australia in 1890.mug 的各种不同的含义显示了对人脸的使用和滥用。 其中一个用途是在18世纪作为杯子上的装饰图案。也许正是由于这些鬼脸和令人惊讶的脸谱，mug 开始意指“脸”， 该词有此意义最先记录于1708年。此后，另一种有记录mug 的用法作为动词的意思是“打击脸部。” 这个动词以后又发展为“袭击和抢劫”之意，这对城镇居民来说真是太熟悉了。脸在表达感情时所扮演的脸色可以解释该动词的延伸义“做鬼脸，做怪像”，该意思最早记录于1855年。该名词的另一个意思：“脸部的像片或画像”最早见于1887年，虽然具有讽刺意味的是那些抢劫犯最终将被警方拍照存档，但这仍然是一个显而易见的进步。运用脸部来表达情爱意指“吻，抚爱”，此用法最早于1890年在澳大利亚有记载〔buddy〕Friend or comrade; chum. Used as a form of familiar address, especially for a man or boy:兄弟：朋友或同志；兄弟。用作一种熟悉的称呼，尤其是对男人或男孩：〔unduly〕unduly familiar with strangers.对陌生人过分地熟悉的〔opportunity〕This is a chance for the two of you to get acquainted.这是一次你们两个互相熟悉的机会。〔desert〕When Shakespeare says in Sonnet 72,"Unless you would devise some virtuous lie,/To do more for me than mine own desert,”he is using the worddesert in the sense of "worthiness; deserving,” a word that is perhaps most familiar to us in the plural, meaning "something that is deserved,”as in the phrasejust deserts. This word goes back to the Latin worddēservīre, "to devote oneself to the service of,”which in Vulgar Latin came to mean "to merit by service.” Dēservīre is made up ofdē-, meaning "thoroughly,” and servīre, "to serve.” Knowing this,we can distinguish thisdesert from desert, "a wasteland,” and desert, "to abandon,” both of which go back to Latindēserere, "to forsake, leave uninhabited,” which is made up ofdē-, expressing the notion of undoing, and the verb serere, "to link together.” We can also distinguish all threedeserts from dessert, "a sweet course at the end of a meal,” which is from the French worddesservir, "to clear the table.” Desservir is made up ofdes-, expressing the notion of reversal, and servir (from Latin servīre ), "to serve,” hence, "to unserve" or "to clear the table.”当莎士比亚在第72首十四行诗中说：“除非你能编出善意的谎言/把我说得比我本人强得多”，这里desert 的意思就是“应得的东西”。 对这个词，我们最熟悉的大概是其复数形式（意思是“应得的东西”）。例如在词组just deserts 中。 该词的起源可以追溯到拉丁词deservire ， 意为“为…而献身”，在俗拉丁语中，意思就变成了“依据服务应得…”。 Deservire 由de- 意思是“完全地，彻底地”和 servire “服务”组成。 知道了这些，我们就可以把desert 与 desert “荒原”和 desert “放弃”区别开来。 后面两个意义可追溯到拉丁语deserere “遗弃，无人居住”， 它由de- 表示“不做”的概念和动词 serere “连接到一起”组成。 我们也能把所有这三个deserts 与 dessert “正餐最后上的一道甜食”区分开来， 后者来自法语词desservir “收拾桌子”。 Desservir 由表达“反，逆”概念的des- 和 servir 组成（来自拉丁语 servire ）， 意为“服务”、“因此“、“不上菜”或“清理桌子”〔estrange〕To remove from an accustomed place or set of associations.使分离：使离开熟悉的环境或亲友等〔common〕a nursery rhyme familiar to most children;儿歌为多数小孩所熟悉；〔familiarity〕The quality or condition of being familiar.熟悉，通晓：熟悉的特点或状态 |
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