| 单词 | 熟知 |
| 释义 | 〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔Adderley〕American jazz saxophonist who was noted for skillful improvisation and who promoted the musical styles known as soul jazz and bop.阿德利，朱利安：美国爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家，以其技巧娴熟的即兴创作闻名，发扬人们熟知的灵魂爵士乐及波普的音乐风格〔alkaloid〕Any of various organic compounds normally with basic chemical properties and usually containing at least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring, occurring chiefly in many vascular plants and some fungi. Many alkaloids, such as nicotine, quinine, cocaine, and morphine, are known for their poisonous or medicinal attributes.生物碱：有机化合物的一种，通常呈碱性且在一杂环中至少含有一个氮原子，主要存在于许多维管植物和一些真菌中。许多生物碱，如尼古丁、金鸡纳霜、可卡因和吗啡都以其毒性或在医药方面的特性而为人们所熟知〔pretzel〕It is probably well known or widely assumed thatpretzel is a German word, since the food seems traditionally German, but the word ultimately has a Latin origin.The German wordBrezel or Pretzel, which was borrowed into English (first being recorded in American English in a newspaper of March 1856) goes back to the assumed Medieval Latin word brāchitellum. This would accord with the storythat a monk living in France or northern Italy first created the knotted shape of a pretzel,even though this type of biscuit had been enjoyed by the Romans.The monk wanted to symbolize arms folded in a prayer,hence the name derived from Latinbracchiātus, "having branches,” itself frombracchium, "branch, arm.” 可能象大家所熟知的或认定的那样，因为这种食品好象是德国的传统食品，所以大家认为pretzel 是个德语词， 但实际上这个词源于拉丁语。德语词Brezel 或 Pretzel 被借入英语（首次以美式英语记录于1856年3月的新闻报刊）可追溯到中世纪的拉丁词 brachitellum 。 这可能是与这个故事是一致的：一位住在法国或意大利北部的修士首创了这种节状的椒盐饼，尽管这种饼干很受罗马人的欢迎。那位修士想要象征祈祷者交叠的手臂，因此这个名字来源于拉丁语bracchiatus， 意为“有枝干的，” 该词本身又是由bracchium “枝干，手臂”演变而来的 〔familiarity〕Considerable acquaintance with.熟悉：与某人相当熟知〔rankle〕A persistent resentment, a festering sore, and a little snake are all coiled together in the history of the wordrankle. "A little snake" is the sense of the Latin worddracunculus to whichrankle can be traced, dracunculus being a diminutive of dracō, "snake.” The Latin word passed into Old French, asdraoncle, having probably already developed the sense "festering sore,”because some of these sores resembled little snakes in their shape or bite.The verbdraoncler, "to fester,” was then formed in Old French. The noun and verb developed alternate forms without thed-, and both were borrowed into Middle English, the nounrancle being recorded in a work written around 1190, the verbranclen, in a work probably composed about 1300. Both words had literal senses having to do with festering sores.The noun is not recorded after the 16th century,but the verb went on to develop the figurative senseshaving to do with resentment and bitterness with which we are all too familiar.Rankle 这个词有不停的埋怨、折磨人的疼痛以及小蛇这三个意思。 “小蛇”是拉丁语dracunculus 的词义， 该词同时也是rankle 的词源， dracunculus 是意为“蛇”的 daaco 的小词尾。 该拉丁词进入古法语成为draoncle 时， 可能已有“折磨人的痛苦”这一词义，因为这种痛苦类似于小蛇的形状和撕咬。意为“骚扰，折磨”的动词draoncle 形成于法语中。 名词和动词去掉d- 后发展了各自的形式并都被借入中古英语， 名词rancle 第一次记载于1190年的一部作品中， 动词ranclen 记载于大约作于1300年的一部作品中。 两个词的本义都与“折磨人的疼痛”有关。名词在16世纪后就不见使用了，但动词却不断发展，后来便有了我们熟知的与抱怨和恼怒相关的比喻义了〔Falla〕Spanish composer whose music draws heavily on folk song traditions and Spanish exoticism, best known for his workNights in the Gardens of Spain (1911-1915). 法雅，曼钮德：西班牙作曲家，其音乐对民谣传统及西班牙异国情调有十分深刻的描写，其作品《西班牙庭园之夜》 (1911-1915年)最为人所熟知 〔acquainted〕Informed or familiar:熟知的，熟悉的：〔he〕A novelist should write about what he knows best; 小说作者应写自己 最为熟知的事物； 〔understand〕To know thoroughly by close contact or long experience with:熟知，通晓：通过密切接触或长期体验完全知道：〔fraction〕One might think that a word likefraction as well as its ancestors might have always referred to the mathematical fraction. Certainly the mathematical notion of a fraction was known to the Babylonians, perhaps as early as 2000b.c. But our wordfraction goes back only to the Latin word frangere, "to break.” From the stem of the past participlefrāctus is derived Late Latin frāctiō, "a breaking" or "a breaking in pieces,”as in the breaking of the Eucharistic Host.In Medieval Latin the wordfrāctiō developed its mathematical sense, which was taken into Middle English along with the word.The earliest recorded sense of our word is "an aliquot part of a unit, a fraction or subdivision,”found in a work by Chaucer written about 1400.One of the next recorded instances of the word recalls its origins, referring to the "brekying or fraccioun" of a bone.人们也许认为一个词如fraction 以及它的词源总是指数学上的分数。 当然，分数的数学概念也许早在公元前 2000年就已被巴比伦人所熟知。 但fraction 一词仅能追溯到拉丁词 frangere ，“打碎”。 源自过去分词fractus 的词干是派生的后期拉丁语 fractio ， 意为“破裂”或“碎成一片片的”，如感恩节的饼的碎块。在中世纪拉丁语中，fractio 一词出现了数学意义， 这个词连同此意义都被记入中世纪英语中。这个词最早记载的意义是“一个数学单元，繁分数或再分数的约数”，出现在约1400年乔臾写的一部作品里。后来此词有记录的例子之一，指骨头上的“裂痕或碎片”，使人回忆起它的起源〔up〕Well informed; abreast:熟知的；内行的：〔broker〕Giving gifts to one's broker might be justifiable from an etymological point of viewbecause the wordbroker may be connected through its Anglo-Norman source brocour, abrocour, with Spanish alboroque, meaning "ceremony or ceremonial gift after the conclusion of a business deal.”If this connection does exist,"business deal" is the notion shared by the Spanish and Anglo-Norman wordsbecausebrocour referred to the middleman in transactions. The English wordbroker is first found in Middle English in 1355, several centuries before we find instances of its familiar compoundspawnbroker, first recorded in 1687, and stockbroker, first recorded in 1706. 从词源的角度来说，送礼物给经纪人是有一番道理的。因为broker 一词也许通过英国法语的词源 brocour，abrocour 与西班牙语 alboroque 形成亲属关系， 而后者意为“一笔交易做成时作为礼节性的礼品”。如果这一关系的确存在，那么西班牙语词汇和英国法语词汇中都有“交易”这一概念。因为brocour 指做交易的中间人。 英语单词broker 第一次被发现使用，是在1355年的中世纪英语中， 距我们发现它的为人熟知的复合词pawnbroker （1687年第一次被记录下来）和 stockbroker （1706第一次被记录下来）已有好几个世纪了 〔Cash〕American country and western singer and songwriter best known for his songs about poverty and the downtrodden, including "Folsom Prison Blues" (1969).克许，约翰：美国乡村及西部歌手及作曲家，以其表现贫穷及压抑的歌曲而为人所熟知，作品包括《佛尔萨姆监狱蓝调》(1969年)〔Colombo〕The capital and largest city of Sri Lanka, on the western coast of the island on the Indian Ocean. The city was probably known to Greco-Roman, Arab, and Chinese traders more than 2,000 years ago. It became capital of the crown colony of Ceylon in 1802 and of independent Ceylon in 1948. Population, 587,647.科伦坡：斯里兰卡首都和最大城市，位于印度洋西部海岸。2000年前为希腊一罗马、阿拉伯和中国商人所熟知。于1802年成为锡兰王属殖民地的首府，并于1948年成为独立的锡兰的首府。人口587,647〔website〕The transition fromWorld Wide Web site to Web site to website seems to have progressed as rapidly as the technology itself. The development of website as a single uncapitalized word mirrors the development of other technological expressions which have tended to evolve into unhyphenated forms as they become more familiar. Thus email has recently been gaining ground over the forms E-mail and e-mail, especially in texts that are more technologically oriented. Similarly, there has been an increasing preference for closed forms like homepage, online, and printout. 从使用World Wide Web（万维网） 一词到 Web site（网络网站） 一词，再到 website（网站） 一词，其渐进过程，似乎就像网络科技本身那样进步快速。当 website 发展成为一个小写单词时，也正反映出其它科技字眼的发展也趋向于成为一般无连字符号单词，而且越来越为人所熟知。所以， email 一字近来已逐渐普遍取代 E-mail 及 e-mail ，尤其是在比较科技类范围的文章中。同样的，也有越来越喜欢采用封闭形态字型的趋势，例如 homepage（首页）、online（在线） 和 printout（印出） 〔popcorn〕Popcorn is very much an American institution.Particularly enjoyed by people in the United States,it is grown as a native product and denoted by a word that is an Americanism,a word or expression that was first used in English in the United States.Popcorn, from the verb pop and the noun corn, fits these criteriabecause the first recorded use of the word is found inMemorable Days in America, an account written by the British traveler William Faux and published in London in 1823: "I crossed the Big Wabash . . . at La Valette's ferry,where is beautiful land . . . and two lonely families of naked-legged French settlersfrom whom I received two curious ears of poss corn.”Notice that either Faux misunderstood the termor the French settlers mispronounced it.This type of corn, introduced to the settlers by Native Americans,was long grown by them,little knowing that their benefaction would one day be consumed by countless moviegoers while watching Westerns.爆玉米是美洲人非常熟知的事物。尤其为美国人喜欢，这种作物被他们作为本地作物而大量种植并以一个美国单词来命名，这个词首先在美国被用于英语中。Popcorn 源于动词 pop 和名词 corn， 并且它适应这些标准，因为有关这个词的最早记录见于由英国旅行者威廉·福克斯所著的、1823年在伦敦出版的游记在美国的难忘日子 中，福克斯在其中写道： “我在瓦莱特码头渡过大沃巴什河，那儿有美丽的田地…及两个孤零零的法国家庭，他们都是赤脚的法国拓荒者，从他们那儿我得到了两根奇怪的玉米棒。”请注意，要么也许是福克斯误解了该词，要么也许是法国拓荒者发错了音。这种类型的玉米是美洲印第安人介绍给这些拓荒者的，且已被这些印第安人种植很久了，但他们几乎无法料到他们的施惠有一天会被无数电影观众一边嚼着一边看西部片。〔familiar〕Having fair knowledge; acquainted:熟知的；通晓的：〔recognize〕To admit the acquaintance of, as by salutation:招呼：承认与…很熟悉，如用问候来表示熟知：〔Cole〕American painter acknowledged as the leader of the Hudson River School, America's first painting movement.科尔，托马斯：(1801-1848) 美国画家，作为哈得孙河流派，美国第一次绘画运动的领导者为人们所熟知〔knowledge〕Familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study.熟知，知觉：通过经验或学习而对某物的熟悉、意识或理解 |
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