| 单词 | 牛津 |
| 释义 | 〔appendicitis〕Even though the wordappendicitis was in use in 1885, the year in which theOxford English Dictionary published the section "Anta-Battening" that would have contained the word, the editor, James Murray, omitted this "crack-jaw medical and surgical word" on the advice of Oxford's Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir Henry Wentworth Acland.As K.M. Elisabeth Murray, the granddaughter and biographer of James Murray, points out,"The problem of what scientific words to include was a continuing one, and James Murray was always under pressure—from his advisers . . . who thought the emphasis should be on words from good literature and from those in the [Oxford University] Press who wanted to save cost and time—not to include scientific words of recent origin.”In 1902 no less a person than Edward VII had his appendix removed,and his coronation was postponed because of the operation.Appendicitis hence came into widespread use and has remained so, thereby pointing up the lexicographer's difficult task of selecting the new words that people will look for in their dictionaries.尽管appendicitis 这个词于1885年就已使用， 在这一年出版的牛津英语词典 的“安塔族-增长论”这一分册应包括有这个词， 但在牛津皇家医学院教授亨利·温特华斯·阿克兰的建议下，主编詹姆斯·莫雷删掉了这个“拗口的医学和外科用词”。正如詹姆斯·莫雷的孙女和传记作者K·M·伊莉莎白·莫雷指出的那样， “应包括什么科学用语是一个长期以来的问题，詹姆斯·莫雷经常遇到来自他的顾问的压力…他们认为重点应放到从好文学作品中收来的词汇上，还受到来自出版社的压力，他们为了节约成本和时间而不愿收录新近的科学词汇”。1902年恰恰正是爱德华七世割除了阑尾，他的加冕典礼也因为这次手术而延迟。Appendicitis 一词因此得到了普遍的使用并保持至今， 这也表明了词典编纂者在选择人们要查找的新单词时所面临的艰难任务〔Wren〕English architect who designed more than 50 London churches, most notably Saint Paul's Cathedral (1675-1710). His secular works include the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664-1669) and Trinity College Library in Cambridge (1676-1684).雷恩，克里斯托弗：(1632-1723) 英国建筑师，曾设计过五十多座伦敦教堂，最著名的是圣保罗大教堂(1675-1710年）。他的非宗教类作品包括牛津的谢尔顿剧院(1664-1669年）和剑桥大学的三一学院图书馆(1676-1684年）〔Oxbridge〕Oxford and Cambridge universities, especially when regarded as the seat of traditional academic and social excellence, privilege, and exclusiveness.牛津和剑桥大学：牛津和剑桥大学，尤指当被认为是传统的学术和社会的卓越、特权和独占的中心时〔redbrick〕Of, relating to, or being the British universities other than Oxford and Cambridge.红砖大学：除牛津与剑桥之外的英国大学的，或与除牛津与剑桥之外的英国大学有关的，或是除牛津与剑桥之外的英国大学〔Oxford〕A borough of south-central England on the Thames River west-northwest of London. First mentioned in 912, it was chartered in 1605. Oxford University, with its famed "dreaming spires,” was founded in the 12th century and still dominates the center of the city. Population, 114,400.牛津：英格兰中南部的一个区，位于泰晤士河之滨，伦敦西北偏西。912年第一次被提及到，1605年被特许立市。牛津大学，有著名的“梦想之颠”，建于12世纪并且仍然居于整个城市的中心地位。人口114,400〔toff〕Probably variant of tuft [a gold tassel worn by titled students at Oxford and Cambridge] 可能为 tuft的变体[牛津和剑桥的贵族学生所戴的金穗] 〔Fowler〕British lexicographer who collaborated with his brotherFrancis (1870-1918) on The King's English (1906) and the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1911). He also wrote A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926). 福勒，亨利·沃森：(1858-1933) 英国词典编纂者，和其弟弗朗西斯 (1870-1918年）合著了 《标准英语》 （1906年）和 《牛津简明英语词典》 （1911年）。他还著了 《现代英语用法词典》 （1926年） 〔Buchman〕American evangelist who preached at Oxford University in the 1920's, where he founded the Oxford Group, or Buchmanism, which later became the nucleus of Moral Re-Armament.布克曼，弗兰克·内森·丹尼尔：(1878-1961) 美国牧师，20世纪20年代在牛津大学传教，在该大学创建牛津团契或布克曼主义，后来成为道德重整运动的核心〔Oxford〕A village of southwest Ohio northwest of Hamilton near the Indiana border. Mainly residential, it is the seat of Miami University (founded 1809). Population, 18,937.牛津：俄亥俄州的西南的一村庄，位于印第安纳附近的哈密尔顿西北。主要是住宅区。它是迈阿密大学（建于1809年）的旧址。人口18,937〔politics〕"All politics is local"(Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr.)"Politics have appealed to me since I was at Oxford because they are exciting morning, noon, and night"(Jeffrey Archer)“所有的政治都是地方性的”(小托马斯P.奥涅尔)“自从我呆在牛津以来政治就吸引了我，因为它们每天早晨、中午和晚上都是令人兴奋的”(杰弗里·阿切尔)〔Oxbridge〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of Oxbridge:牛津或剑桥的；与牛津剑桥有关的；有牛津剑桥特色的：〔Oxonian〕From Medieval Latin Oxōnia [Oxford] 源自 中世纪拉丁语 Oxōnia [牛津] 〔university〕The universe in the worduniversity is not the universe as we know it, thoughuniversity is derived from the ancestor of our word universe. This ancestor, Latinūniversus, was made up of ūnus, "one,” and versus, "in a specified direction.” Universus thus literally meant "in one specified direction" but actually meant "the whole of, entire,” and "regarded as a whole, regarded as a group.”Universum, the neuter singular of ūniversus, used as a noun, meant "the universe,”as did the derivativeūniversitās, which also meant "a corporate body of persons, community.” During the Middle Ages, when Latin continued to be used in areas such as government, religion, and education,the wordūniversitās was applied to the new corporate bodies of teachers and students, as at Salerno, Paris, and Oxford, that were the ancestors of our universities of today.Our worduniversity, going back to the Latin word, is first recorded around 1300, with reference to this corporate body.University 一词中的"universe"并不是我们所知道的宇宙这个词， 虽然university 是由我们的 universe 这个词的前身派生而来的。 这一前身，即拉丁文中的universus 是由表示“一”的 unus 和表示“沿着某一特定的方向”的 versus 构成的。 Universus 字面上的意思因此就是“沿着一个特定的方向”， 但它实际的意思却是“整个、全部”和“被视为一个整体的，被视为一个群体的”。Universum ，是 universus 的中性单数形式， 用作名词时指“宇宙”，同样派生词universitas 也指“一群个人的联合体，社团”。 在中世纪，拉丁文继续在诸如政府、宗教和教育等领域得到使用，universitas 这个词被用来指由教师和学生所构成的新联合体，比如在萨勒诺、巴黎和牛津出现的这种联合体， 而这类联合体即是我们今天的大学的最初形式。我们今天的university 这个词可以上溯到拉丁词， 它首次被记录下来是在大约1300年，当时就是用来指这种联合体〔Oxonian〕A native or inhabitant of Oxford.牛津的本地人或居民〔don〕A head, tutor, or fellow at a college of Oxford or Cambridge.牛津、剑桥大学的教师：牛津大学或剑桥大学的学监，指导教师或研究员〔Thames〕A river of southern England flowing about 338 km (210 mi) eastward to a wide estuary on the North Sea. Navigable for large ships as far as London, it is the principal commercial waterway of the country. In its upper course above Oxford it is often called Isis.西蒙斯河：流程约338公里(210英里）的南英格兰河，向东流向北海宽湖三角湾。巨轮航运远至伦敦，它是该国主要商业水路。牛津以上上游部分通称为伊塞斯〔Isis〕The upper Thames River in south-central England in the vicinity of Oxford. The name is used locally and in literature.伊希斯：英格兰中南部的泰晤士河上流，在牛津附近。该名称使用于该地和文学中〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔Laurel〕British-born American comedian who with Oliver Hardy formed the first great comedy team of talking films. Their works includeThe Music Box (1932) and A Chump at Oxford (1940). 劳莱，阿瑟·斯坦利·杰斐逊：(1890-1965) 英裔美国喜剧演员，他和奥利佛·哈代组成了有声电影中第一对杰出的喜剧搭档，他们的作品包括《八音盒》 （1932年）和 《牛津白痴》 （1940年） 〔Oxford〕A city of northern Mississippi south-southeast of Memphis, Tennessee. It is the seat of the University of Mississippi ("Old Miss"), established in 1844, and was William Faulkner's home town. Population, 9,882.牛津：密西西比南部一城市，位于田纳西州孟斐斯东南偏南。是密西西比大学的所在地（老密西），建于1844年，它是威廉姆·福克纳的家乡。人口9,882〔Oxford〕English courtier and poet who is believed by some to have written Shakespeare's plays.牛津，爱德华·德威尔：英国朝臣与诗人，一些人认为是他写下莎士比亚的剧作〔Tractarianism〕The religious opinions and principles of the founders of the Oxford movement, put forth in a series of 90 pamphlets entitledTracts for the Times, published at Oxford, England (1833-1841). 牛津运动主义：牛津运动发起人的宗教观点及原则，阐述于一系列九十本宣传小册子，被命名为时代书册 于1833-1841年在英格兰牛津出版 〔Oxonian〕Of, relating to, or characteristic of Oxford or Oxford University.牛津人：牛津或牛津大学的；与牛津或牛津大学有关的；有牛津或牛津大学特色的 |
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