| 单词 | 牛顿 |
| 释义 | 〔pascal〕Abbr. PaA unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter. See table at measurement 缩写 Pa帕斯卡：压力单位，相当于每平方米一牛顿 参见 measurement〔newton〕In the meter-kilogram-second system, the unit of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second per second, equal to 100,000 dynes. See table at measurement 牛顿：米/千克/秒体系中每秒钟使一公斤的物体加速一米所需力的单位，等于十万达因 参见 measurement〔Newton〕A city of south-central Kansas north of Wichita. Russian Mennonites settled here in the early 1870's. Population, 16,700.牛顿：美国堪萨斯州中南部城市，位于威奇托北部。沙俄孟诺派信徒曾在19世纪70年代定居于此。人口16,700〔see〕"If I have seen further (than . . . Descartes) it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants" (Isaac Newton).“如果我已经（比迪卡尔）看得更远，那是因为我站到了巨人的肩膀上” （伊萨克·牛顿）。〔Newton〕A city of south-central Iowa east-northeast of Des Moines. It is an industrial center. Population, 15,292.牛顿：美国衣阿华州中南部城市，位于得梅因的东北偏东。是一个工业中心。人口15,292〔Baker〕American public official and lawyer who served as secretary of war under President Woodrow Wilson (1916-1921) and was appointed to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague (1928).贝克，牛顿·戴赫尔：(1871-1937) 美国公务员和律师，在伍德罗·威尔逊总统（1916-1921年）任职期间做军事部长，并于1928年派驻海牙的常设仲裁法庭〔hard〕"knowledge at which[Isaac] Newton arrived through arduous and circuitous paths" (Macaulay). “艾萨克·牛顿经过艰辛的和曲折的道路所得到的 知识” （麦考利）。 〔Duke〕American tobacco-industry leader who with his brotherJames Buchanan Duke (1856-1925) organized the American Tobacco Company (1890) and endowed Trinity College, which was renamed Duke University in their honor (1924). 杜克，本杰明·牛顿：(1855-1929) 美国烟草工业领袖，1890年与其弟杰姆士·布坎南·杜克 （1856-1925年）组建美国烟草公司并出资捐助三一学院，后为纪念他们，三一学院于1924年更名为杜克大学 〔go〕"As soon as a third body is introduced to the Newtonian system, all lawful ordering of processes goes out the window"(Fusion)“第三体一被引入牛顿学说系统，所有合法的程序都失常”(融合)〔Newton〕English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theories of universal gravitation, terrestrial mechanics, and color. His treatise on gravitation, presented inPrincipia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. 牛顿，艾萨克：(1642-1727) 英国数学家、科学家，他发明了微积分，系统阐述了万有引力理论、地球结构和颜色。他发表在《自然科学的数学原理》 （1687年）上关于地球引力的论文据说是因为看到苹果落地而引起的灵感 〔Newton〕A city of eastern Massachusetts, a mainly residential suburb of Boston. The city comprises a number of villages, includingNewton Corner, Newton Center, Newton Upper Falls, and Newton Lower Falls. Population 82,585. 牛顿：美国马萨诸塞州东部城市，是波士顿郊区的重要居民区。包括许多村庄，如牛顿角、牛顿中心、牛顿上瀑布 和 牛顿下瀑布 。人口82,585 〔Leibnitz〕German philosopher and mathematician. He invented differential and integral calculus independently of Newton and proposed the metaphysical theory that we live in "the best of all possible worlds.”莱布尼兹，戈特弗里德·威廉·冯：(1646-1716) 德国哲学家和数学家。他不受牛顿影响而发明了微分演算法和积分演算法，并提出了我们生活在“所有可能存在最美好的世界”中的形而上学理论〔watt〕One might well ask how many European scientists it takes to turn on a light bulb.If we think in terms of the names used for various units in the International, or meter-kilogram-second, System,a fair number are involved.Alphabetically arranged, these units are theampere, named for the French scientist Andr? Marie Ampère (1775-1836); thecoulomb, after the French scientist Charles A. de Coulomb (1736-1806); thefarad and the faraday, after the British scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867); thejoule, after the British scientist James P. Joule (1818-1889); thenewton, after the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727); theohm, after the German scientist Georg S. Ohm (1789-1854); thevolt, after the Italian scientist Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827); and thewatt, after the British scientist James Watt (1736-1819). Definitions such as that ofohm, "a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals,” take on more human connotations when we think of how human contributions to the study of electricity are memorialized in them.The dates of first recorded use of the terms in English are as follows:ampere, 1881; coulomb, 1881; farad, 1861; faraday, 1904; joule, 1882; newton, 1904; ohm, 1870 (suggested in 1861); volt, 1873; and watt, 1882. 有人可能会问经过了多少位欧洲科学家才点亮了灯泡。如果我们以国际单位制或米—千克—秒单位制中各种单位之名称的形式来考虑的话，相当数量的人被包括了。这些单位按字母顺序排列是安培， 以法国科学家安德烈·马里耶·安培(1775—1836年）命名； 库仑， 以法国科学家夏尔·埃·德库仑(1736-1806年）命名； 法拉 和 法拉第， 以英国科学家迈克尔·法拉第(1791—1867年）命名； 焦耳 以英国科学家詹姆斯·皮·焦耳(1818—1889年）命名； 牛顿， 以英国科学家伊萨克·牛顿爵士(1642—1727年）命名； 欧姆， 以德国科学家格奥尔格·斯·欧姆(1789—1854年）命名； 伏特， 以意大利科学家亚历山德罗·沃尔塔伯爵(1745—1827年）命名； 瓦特， 以英国科学家詹姆士·瓦特(1736—1819年）命名。 定义诸如欧姆， “电阻单位，等于一伏特电压加于导体两端在导体内部产生一安培电流之导体电阻”， 当我们想到人们对电学做出的贡献是怎样在这之中得到纪念的时候，就带上了更多的人文内涵。英语中首次有记录的使用这些说法的时间如下：安培， 1881； 库仑， 1881； 法拉， 1861； 法拉第， 1904； 焦耳， 1882； 牛顿， 1904； 欧姆， 1870（在1861年建议使用）； 伏特， 1873；和 瓦特， 1882 〔funky〕When asked which words in the English language are the most difficult to define precisely,a lexicographer would surely mentionfunky. The meaning offunky seems well captured by Geneva Smitherman in Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, where she states that funky means “[related to] the blue notes or blue mood created in jazz, blues, and soul music generally, down-to-earth soulfully expressed sounds; by extension [related to] the real nitty-gritty or fundamental essence of life, soul to the max.”Be that as it may,funky is first recorded in 1784 in a reference to musty, old, moldy cheese. Funky then developed the sense "smelling strong or bad,” which could be used to describe body odor.Butfunky was applied to jazz, too—a usage explained in 1959 by one F. Newton inJazz Scene : "Critics are on the search for something a little more like the old, original, passion-laden blues: the trade-name which has been suggested for it is ‘funky’(literally: ‘smelly,’ i.e. symbolizing the return from the upper atmosphere to the physical, down-to-earth reality).” Funky comes from the earlier nounfunk, which meant "a strong smell or stink.” This noun can probably be traced back to the Latin wordfūmus, "smoke.” 当被问及英语中最难准确定义的是哪些词时，词典编纂者肯定会提到funky 这个词。 Funky 的含义似乎被热纳瓦·史密斯曼在 语言和证明： 美国黑人语言一节中解释得很清楚，她认为 funky 指“主要在爵士乐、布鲁斯歌曲、灵乐这些发自灵魂深处的音乐中创造出的音符式的忧郁； 由此延伸为与生命本质精髓有关的，表现美国黑人及其文化特点到极致的。”Funky 最早可能被记录于1784年，用于指发霉的、过期的奶酪。 后来，funky 引申到这层意思“闻起来强烈或有异味的，” 可以用来形容身体的气味。但funky 也用于指爵士乐方面， 这种用法于1959年在一位名叫F·牛顿的人的书爵士舞台 中有所解释： “批评家们正在找一种有些更象原始的、激情洋溢的老布鲁斯歌曲一样的东西：用来表现后的词就是‘有气息的’（字面意义：‘有气味的，’也就是说，从高高在上的格调降回到自然而率直的风格）。” Funky 一词来自较早出现的名词funk， 意为“一种刺鼻的气味或臭味”。 这个词可能可追溯到拉丁词fumus， “烟” 〔Halley〕English astronomer who applied Newton's laws of motion to predict correctly the period of a comet (1705).哈雷，埃德蒙：(1656-1742) 英国天文学家， 1705年运用牛顿的运动定律准确预测了一颗彗星的出现周期〔poundal〕A unit of force in the foot-pound-second system of measurement, equal to the force required to accelerate a standard one-pound mass one foot per second per second (approximately 0.138 newton).磅达：英尺-磅-秒制中力的单位，相当于使1磅的自由质量得到一英尺每秒加速度的力（大约等于0.138牛顿每秒）〔joule〕A unit of energy equal to the work done when a force of 1 newton acts through a distance of 1 meter. See table at measurement 焦耳：能量单位，相当于1牛顿的力使物体移动1米的距离所做的功 参见 measurement〔crucial〕A crucial election is like a signpost because it shows which way the electorate is moving. The metaphor of a signpost, in fact, gives us the sense of the wordcrucial, "of supreme importance, critical.” Francis Bacon used the phraseinstantia crucis, "crucial instance,” to refer to something in an experiment that proves one of two hypotheses and disproves the other. Bacon's phrase was based on a sense of the Latin wordcrux, "cross,” which had come to mean "a guidepost that gives directions at a place where one road becomes two,”and hence was suitable for Bacon's metaphor.Both Robert Boyle, often called the father of modern chemistry, and Isaac Newton used the similar Latin phraseexperimentum crucis, "crucial experiment.” When these phrases were translated into English,they becamecrucial instance and crucial experiment. 决定性选举就象路标一样，因为它显示了全体选民的意向。路标这一比喻实际上向我们表示了crucial 这一词的意义“极其重要的，关键性的”。 弗朗西斯·培根曾用instantia crucis “关键性例子”这一词组来指在某一实验中证明两个假设之一正确和另一假设错误的东西。 培根的这一词组是基于拉丁语crux “十字形”的意思之上的， 它的意思为“在一条路分为两条岔路的地方用于指示方向的路标”，因此它适用于培根的这一比喻。通常被称为现代化学之父的罗伯特·博伊尔和艾萨克·牛顿都用过experimentum crucis “关键性实验”这一类似的拉丁语词组。 当这些词组被译成英语后，就成了crucial instance 和 crucial experiment 这两个词组 〔state〕"Every body continues in its state of rest . . . unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it" (Isaac Newton). “每一个物体保持其静止状态…除非有加于其上的力，它才会改变那种状态” （伊萨克·牛顿）。 〔ampere〕A unit of electric current in the meter-kilogram-second system. It is the steady current that when flowing in straight parallel wires of infinite length and negligible cross section, separated by a distance of one meter in free space, produces a force between the wires of 2 × 10-7 newtons per meter of length. 安培：米－千克－秒单位制中电流的单位，即在无限长且横截面极小的直流平行电线中流动的平稳电流，在自由空间中被一米长的距离隔开，在电线中间可产生每米2×10-7牛顿 〔Tarkington〕American writer whose novels includeThe Magnificent Ambersons (1918) and Alice Adams (1921), both of which won a Pulitzer Prize. 塔金顿，（牛顿）布思：(1869-1946) 美国作家，其作品包括《富贵的安伯森一家》 （1918年）和 《爱丽丝·亚当斯》 （1921年），两部书皆获普利策奖 |
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