| 单词 | 特别 |
| 释义 | 〔rarely〕In an unusual degree; exceptionally.例外地，特别地：以不寻常的程度地；特殊地〔dialogue〕In recent yearsthe verb sense ofdialogue meaning "to engage in an informal exchange of views" has been revived, particularly with reference to communication between parties in institutional or political contexts.Although Shakespeare, Coleridge, and Carlyle used it,this usage today is widely regarded as jargon or bureaucratese.For example, 98 percent of the Usage Panel rejects the sentence 近些年来，dialogue 的“进行非正式的意见交换”的动词含意已经被修改了， 特别在指关于机构或政治方面党派之间的交往时。尽管莎士比亚，科尔里奇，卡莱尔用过它，但是今天这种用法普通被认为难懂或者是一种官腔。例如：百分之九十八的用法专题使用小组的成员拒绝这种句子 〔call〕To order or request to undertake a particular activity or work; summon:征召：命令或要求参加某一特别活动或工作；传唤：〔fixate〕"Movies and television seem especially fixated on the troubled Vietnam veteran"(James Hall-Sheehy)“看来电影和电视把焦点特别对准了陷入困境的越军退役军人”(詹姆斯·霍尔—希伊)〔pretty〕in a pretty predicament; a situation that has reached a pretty pass.处境极为尴尬；处理特别不妙的〔illuminati〕People claiming to be unusually enlightened with regard to a subject.先知先觉的人们：自称在某个领域受过特别启示的人〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔idiom〕The specific grammatical, syntactic, and structural character of a given language.特别语言现象：某种语言中特别的语法、句式和结构上的特点〔anomaly〕"Both men are anomalies: they have . . . likable personalities but each has made his reputation as a heavy"(David Pauly)“两个人都很特别：他们有…相似的个性但每个人都有他自己的性格”(戴维·保利)〔holy〕Regarded or deserving special respect or reverence:可敬仰的，敬重的：被视为或值得特别尊重的或敬重的：〔holy〕Living according to a strict or highly moral religious or spiritual system; saintly:圣洁的，圣徒般的：按特别严格的宗教或精神道义生活的；圣洁的：〔Siena〕A city of west-central Italy south of Florence. Founded by Etruscans, it became independent in the 12th century and gradually evolved into a wealthy city known especially for its leadership of the Sienese school of art (13th-14th centuries). Population, 61,888.锡耶纳：意大利中西部一城市，位于佛罗伦萨南部由伊特鲁里亚人建立，12世纪时获得自治，并逐步发展成为一富饶城市，特别因其在锡耶纳派艺术（13-14世纪）中的领导地位而闻名。人口61,888〔dysprosium〕A soft, silvery rare-earth element used in nuclear research. Atomic number 66; atomic weight 162.50; melting point 1,407°C; boiling point 2,600°C; specific gravity 8.536; valence 3. See table at element 镝：一种用于核研究的柔软银色稀土元素，原子序数为66；原子重为162.50；熔点1,407°C；沸点2,600°C；特别比重8.536；原子价为3 参见 element〔very〕In general usagevery is not used alone to modify a past participle. Thus we may say of a book, for example, that it has beenvery much praised, very much criticized, very much applauded, or whatever, but not that it has beenvery praised, very criticized, or very applauded. However, many past participle forms do double duty as adjectives,in which case modification by a barevery, or by analogous adverbs such as quite, is acceptable: there can be no objection to phrases such asa very creased handkerchief, a very celebrated singer, or a very polished performance. In some cases there is disagreement as to whether a particular participle can be used properly as an adjective:over the years objections have been raised as to the use ofvery by itself with delighted, interested, annoyed, pleased, disappointed, and irritated. All these words are now well established as adjectives,as indicated by the fact that they can be used attributively ( 在一般用法中very 不是仅用来修辞过去分词。 因此我们可说，例如一本书是very much praised, very much criticized, very much applauded（深受推崇的，深受批评的，深受赞扬的） 或者任意什么， 但是不说它被very praised, very criticized（很推崇的，深受批评的） 或 very applauded（深受赞扬）。 然而，许多过去分词有形容词的双重功能，只用very 或者类似的副词比如 quite 来进行格的修饰是可以接受的： 对于一些词组例如a very creased handkerchief, a very celebrated singer（特别皱的手帕，很知名的歌手） 或者 a very polished performance（优美的演出） 不会有异议。 有时对于是否能用一个特定的分词来做形容词的问题有些分歧：许多年来对于把very 与 delighted, interested, annoyed, pleased, disappointed（高兴 的，有兴趣的，生气的，高兴的，失望的） 和 irritated（发怒的） 在一起连用有些异议。 现在这些词都已被确定下来当作形容词使用，这已被它们可以当作定语的事实证明( 〔favorite〕Liked or preferred above all others; regarded with special favor.受宠的：比其他所人都更受喜爱的；得到特别宠幸的〔Gerould〕American writer particularly known for her Jamesian short stories, collected in volumes such asVain Oblations (1914). 杰罗尔特，凯瑟琳·伊丽莎白·富勒顿：(1879-1944) 美国作家，特别因其收在书集如《徒劳的供奉》 （1914年）中的詹姆斯姗短篇小说而闻名 〔specialty〕The state or quality of being special or distinctive.特性：特别或独特的状况或品质〔Mafia〕An alleged international criminal organization believed active, especially in Italy and the United States, since the late 19th century.黑手党：被指控为跨国界际的犯罪组织，自19世纪以来在意大利和美国特别活跃〔wood〕This tissue, often cut and dried especially for use as building material and fuel.木材：这部分组织经常砍倒并晾干，特别供建筑材料和燃料用〔clever〕In the 17th and 18th centuries,in addition to its basic sense of "able to use the brain readily and effectively,” the wordclever acquired a constellation of imprecise but generally positive senses in regional British speech: "clean-limbed and handsome,” "neat and convenient to use,” and "of an agreeable disposition.”Some of these British regional senses, brought over when America was colonized,are still found in American regional speech,as in the South, whereclever can mean "good-natured, amiable,” in old-fashioned speech. The speech of New England extends the meaning "good-natured" to animalsin the specific sense of "easily managed, docile.”Perhaps it was the association with animals that gave rise to another meaning, "affable but not especially smart,”applicable to people when used in old-fashioned New England dialects.在17和18世纪时，clever 一词除了其基本含义“能够轻松、有效地用脑”外，还在英国方言中具有大量不准确但明确的含义， “身材匀称且英俊倜傥”、“整洁有序且便于使用”和“令人愉快的个性”。英国方言中的一部分含义是美国被殖民统治时传播开来，在美国方言中至今仍然可见，如在南部的旧式方言中，clever 可以表示“脾气好的、和蔼的”。 新英格兰方言把“脾气好的”意思拓展到动物，表示“易于管理的、温驯的”的特定含义。可能因其与动物有关而导致另一含义“友善但不是特别机敏”的产生，适用于使用旧式新英格兰方言的人〔graywater〕Wastewater from household baths and washing machines that is recycled especially for use in gardening or for flushing toilets.二次供水，中水：来自家庭用沐浴及洗衣机的废水，再重复回收特别在园艺浇花或冲洗马桶时使用〔such〕Very; especially:非常；特别地：〔market〕We marketed for a special Sunday dinner.我们为星期天的特别晚餐买了一些菜〔arm〕With great cordiality and hospitality.特别热情和好客〔trace〕To form (letters) with special concentration or care.精心塑造：特别专心或小心地构想（文字）〔background〕Subdued music played especially as an accompaniment to dialogue in a dramatic performance.配乐：在戏剧演出中特别为对话伴奏的低缓柔和的音乐〔retire〕Despite the upbeat books written about retiringand the fact that it is a well-earned time of relaxation from the daily rigors of work,many people do not find it a particularly pleasant prospect.Perhaps the etymology ofretire may hint at why. The ultimate source of our word is the Old French wordretirer, made up of the prefixre-, meaning in this case "back,” and the verb tirer, "to draw,” together meaning "to take back or withdraw.” The first use of the English wordretire is recorded in 1533 in reference to a military force that withdraws.It is not until 1667 that we find the word used to mean "to withdraw from a position for more leisure.”In regard to the sting in all thiswe need to look at the source oftirer, "to draw, draw out, endure,”which ultimately may be from Old Frenchmartir, "a martyr,” probably reflecting the fact that martyrs had to endure the torture of being stretched up to and beyond the point of dislocating their bones.尽管有关于退休的乐观书籍，以及退休是从日常工作的严酷中解放出来的极好时光的事实，许多人并没有发现它特别令人愉悦的地方。也许retire 的语源学暗示了原因。 这个词最早的来源是古法语单词retirer ， 由在此意指“向后”的前缀re- 及意为“拉”的动词 tiver 合在一起组成，意为“撤回或退回”。 英语单词retire 的使用则最早记录于1553年， 指撤退的军队。直到1667年我们才发现该词用于表达“为得到更多的闲暇而退出职位。”考虑到所有这些词的负面含义，我们有必要看看tirer 的词源， 其意为“拉，拉出，容忍，”它可能最初源于意为“殉道者”的古法语martir ， 这可能反映了一个事实，即殉者不得不忍受四肢被拉直至骨肉脱离的酷刑〔euphoria〕A feeling of great happiness or well-being.心情愉快，情绪高亢：一种自觉特别愉快的或心旷神怡的感觉〔taste〕A distinctive perception as if by the sense of taste:尝知：仿佛是通过味觉获得的某种特别感觉：〔tricksy〕Likely to cause trouble and therefore requiring special care or skilled, delicate treatment.棘手的：难以处理的，可能引起麻烦，因此需要特别留心或技巧的、谨慎的处理〔frore〕Extremely cold; frosty.严寒的：特别冷；冰冻的〔account〕A reason given for a particular action.理由：某一特别行为的理由〔archpriest〕An honorific title applied to a priest, which may be accompanied by a specific function.大司祭：用于牧师的荣誉称号，可能伴有特别职能〔dynamo〕An extremely energetic and forceful person:精力特别地充沛和强有力的人：〔cestode〕Any of various parasitic flatworms of the class Cestoda, including the tapeworms, having a long, flat body equipped with a specialized organ of attachment at one end.绦虫纲动物：一种绦虫纲寄生扁形虫，包括绦虫，有一个扁而长的且一端有一个特别附属器官的身体〔challenged〕People who object to the termsdisabled and handicapped as being too negative sometimes propose the substitution of challenged instead, as in referring to persons with physical disabilities as physically challenged. While this particular phrase is quite popular, it is sometimes taken to be condescending, and similar usages such as mentally challenged have failed to win equal acceptance. Indeed, the widespread parody of challenged in such expressions as electronically challenged for "inept at using computers" has effectively eliminated it as an all-purpose alternative to disabled or handicapped. 一些觉得使用disabled 和 handicapped 字眼过于负面的人，偶会以委婉的 challenged 代替，如用 physically challenged 指肢体有缺陷。这个特别词汇的使用相当普遍，因为有时会被视为较谦逊的用法，不过相似用法的接受度不一定相同， mentally challenged 这个用法便无法获得相同的认同。事实上，广为流传的 challenged 谐谑用法如以 electronically challenged（计算机残障） 来形容计算机白痴，已使得其全面替代 disabled 或 handicapped 沦为梦想 〔livery〕The distinctive dress worn by the members of a particular group; uniform:制服：某一特别团体的成员所穿的独特的衣服；制服：〔valance〕A short drapery, decorative board, or metal strip mounted especially across the top of a window to conceal structural fixtures.短幔：为了掩盖住建筑结构的结合处而特别悬挂在窗户顶部，具有装饰性边缘或金属边的短帷幔〔flyleaf〕A blank or specially printed leaf at the beginning or end of a book.扉页：书的开头或末尾的空白处或特别印制的一页纸〔giant〕Marked by exceptionally great size, magnitude, or power:巨大的，庞大的：在外形、数量和力量方面特别巨大： |
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