| 单词 | 犯人 |
| 释义 | 〔cage〕A barred room or fenced enclosure for confining prisoners.监狱：一个关住的房间或用栅栏围住的围墙，用于限制犯人的活动〔guardroom〕A room in which military prisoners are confined.军中禁闭室：关押军事犯人的房间〔ritual〕"Prison was a ritual—reenacted daily, year in, year out. Prisoners came and went; generations came and went; and yet the ritual endured"(William H. Hallahan)“监狱总是一成不变——每天都有新的角色扮演，今年进来，明年出去。犯人来了又走了；一代又一代人来了又走了；尽管法令是保持不变的”(威廉H.哈勒汉)〔straitjacket〕A long-sleeved jacketlike garment used to bind the arms tightly against the body as a means of restraining a violent patient or prisoner.拘束衣：用作限制疯狂的病人或犯人的、能把胳膊紧紧拴在身体上的、似茄克衫的长袖外衣〔incite〕instigating a prison riot.煽动狱内犯人暴乱。〔punish〕Regulations formerly permitted prison wardens to correct unruly inmates.规章制度从前曾允许监狱的典狱长惩罚不守规矩的犯人。〔pardon〕Exemption of a convicted person from the penalties of an offense or a crime by the power of the executor of the laws.赦免：由执法人员对已判有罪的犯人所做的对过失或罪行惩罚的免除〔connive〕The guards were suspected of conniving at the prisoner's escape.警卫人员有纵容犯人越狱的嫌疑〔Osborne〕American prison reformer. As a member of the New York State Commission on Prison Reform (1913) and warden of Sing Sing state prison (1914-1916) he introduced a number of self-help programs for prisoners.奥斯本，托马斯·莫特：(1859-1926) 美国监狱改革家，纽约州监狱改革委员会的成员(1913年），并曾担任新心州立监狱的监狱长(1944-1916年），推行了许多犯人自助案〔gnaw〕Hunger gnawed at the prisoners.饥饿折磨着犯人们〔hang〕Frontier courts hanged many a prisoner after a summary trial. 在立即审判后边界法庭绞死了许多犯人。 〔abominable〕abominable treatment of prisoners.对犯人进行令人发指的虐待〔shake〕shook down the prisoners' cells for hidden weapons.彻底搜查犯人牢房以查出隐藏的武器〔tolbooth〕A prison; a jail.监狱；关犯人的地方〔none〕None of the prisoners was given his soup. 没有一个犯人可以 脱逃。 〔bullpen〕A place for the temporary detention of prisoners.犯人候审大房间：供犯人临时滞留的大房间〔contain〕Four hundred inmates were crowded into a prison intended to accommodate 200. 原本容纳二百人的监狱被塞进了四百个犯人 〔coffle〕A group of animals, prisoners, or slaves chained together in a line.锁在一起成一列的动物、犯人或奴隶〔atrocity〕An act of cruelty and violence inflicted by an enemy armed force on civilians or prisoners:暴行：由敌对武装力量对公民或犯人做出的残忍的或暴力的折磨：〔parole〕The release of a prisoner whose term has not expired on condition of sustained lawful behavior that is subject to regular monitoring by an officer of the law for a set period of time.假释，有条件释放：释放刑期还未满的犯人，由执法人员用一段时间对其进行定期观察，如果其行为连续合乎法律则可予以释放〔reformatory〕A penal institution for the discipline, reformation, and training of young or first offenders. Also called reform school 教养院：一种对年轻犯人或初犯者进行约束、改造或训练的处罚机构 也作 reform school〔deadline〕A boundary line in a prison that prisoners can cross only at the risk of being shot.监狱周围的死线：监狱里的界限，犯人们要越过就要冒被枪击的危险〔put〕The inmate had put in six years at hard labor. She put in eight hours behind a desk.犯人已经做了六年的苦工。她在花了八小时办公〔zek〕An inmate of a Soviet labor camp.犯人：苏联劳改营的犯人〔scaffold〕A platform used in the execution of condemned prisoners, as by hanging or beheading.断头台：用于绞死犯人或砍罪犯人头的刑台〔stay〕granted a stay to the prisoner's execution.批准对犯人缓刑〔pardon〕a convicted criminal who was pardoned by the governor.一名由政府赦免的已宣告有罪的犯人〔stay〕stay a prisoner's execution.延缓一犯人的行刑〔guard〕a prisoner under close guard.受严密监视的犯人〔exchange〕a prisoner exchange; an exchange of greetings.交换犯人；互致问候〔dungeon〕A dark, often underground chamber or cell used to confine prisoners.地牢：用来关押犯人的黑暗的，一般为地下的房间或小室〔watchtower〕An observation tower on which a guard or lookout is stationed to keep watch, as for enemies, for forest fires, or over prisoners.观望塔：哨兵或观望员被安置其上以警戒如敌人、森林火灾或犯人的岗楼〔torment〕The torture inflicted on prisoners under interrogation.刑罚：在审问过程中对犯人施用的折磨〔prisoner〕A person held in custody, captivity, or a condition of forcible restraint, especially while on trial or serving a prison sentence.犯人，囚犯：被拘留、逮捕或拘禁的人，尤指在审讯或服刑期间〔incommunicado〕a prisoner held incommunicado; incommunicado political detainees.被单独禁闭的犯人；无法与外界接触的政治拘留者〔transport〕A deported convict.流放犯：被流放的犯人〔hang〕They hanged the prisoner at dawn.拂晓时分他们绞死了犯人〔guillotine〕A device consisting of a heavy blade held aloft between upright guides and dropped to behead the victim below.断头台：利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的装置〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔deny〕deny the student's request; denied the prisoner food or water.拒绝学生的请求；不给犯人食物和水 |
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