| 单词 | 犹太 |
| 释义 | 〔Szold〕American Zionist leader who was a founder of Hadassah (1912), the Women's Zionist Organization of America.佐尔德，亨丽埃塔：(1860-1945) 美国犹太复国主义领导人，创立了美国妇女犹太复国主义组织──哈达萨会（1912年）〔Yiddish〕Yiddish yidish [Jewish, Yiddish] 意第绪语 yidish [犹太语，意第绪语] 〔yeshiva〕An elementary or secondary school with a curriculum that includes religion and culture as well as general education.犹太初等（或中等）学校：课程包括宗教、文化及普通教育的初等或中等学校〔rabbinism〕Rabbinical teachings and traditions.犹太法学博士的教义和传统〔Zangwill〕British writer and Zionist whose works, including the novelChildren of the Ghetto (1892) and the play Melting Pot (1908), concern the lives of Jewish immigrants. 赞格威尔，以色列：(1864-1926) 英国剧作家和犹太复国主义者，其作品包括小说《犹太区的儿童》 （1892年）和剧本 《熔炉》 （1908年），反映犹太移民的生活 〔Maimonides〕Spanish-born Jewish philosopher and physician. The greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages, he codified the Talmud and inGuide for the Perplexed (1190) reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish theology. 迈蒙尼德，摩西：(1135-1204) 西班牙裔的犹太哲学家和医生。中世纪最伟大的犹太学者，他编纂了犹太法典并且在《迷途指津》 （1190年）中融合了亚里士多德的哲学和犹太宗教学 〔Benjamin〕In the Old Testament, the younger son of Jacob and Rachel and the forebear of one of the tribes of Israel.便雅闵：在旧约中亚伯和瑞克尔的小儿子，一个犹太部落的祖先〔yarmulke〕A skullcap worn by Jewish men and boys, especially those adhering to Orthodox or Conservative Judaism.亚莫克便帽：犹太男子或男孩戴的一种无边便帽，尤指那些信奉东正教或保守犹太教的人〔Maccabeus〕Jewish patriot and most famous member of the Maccabees family. His rededication of the Temple at Jerusalem (164b.c. ) is commemorated by the feast of Hanukkah. 马加比，犹大：(卒于 160) 犹太爱国者、马加比家族最著名的一员。人们用献殿节来纪念他对耶路撒冷神庙的新奉献(公元前 164年） 〔klezmer〕klezmer bands; klezmer repertory; klezmer music.犹太乐团；犹太乐师的演奏节目；犹太民间音乐〔Halakah〕The legal part of Talmudic literature, an interpretation of the laws of the Scriptures.哈拉卡：塔木德经中的法律条文，对犹太圣经中的律法的解释〔minyan〕A minimum of ten Jews or, among the Orthodox, Jewish men required for a communal religious service.法定人数：在犹太正教中举行公众宗教仪式所必需的最少为十名的犹太人〔golem〕In Jewish folklore, an artificially created human being supernaturally endowed with life.被赋予生命的假人：犹太民间传说中被超自然地赋予了生命而造出来的人〔dybbuk〕In Jewish folklore, the wandering soul of a dead person that enters the body of a living person and controls his or her behavior.恶灵：犹太民间传说中，死者的游魂进入生存的体内并控制生者的行为〔Sennacherib〕King of Assyria (704-681) who invaded Judea, subjugated Babylon, and rebuilt Nineveh.塞纳克里布：亚述王（公元前704-681年），曾入侵犹太王国，击败巴比伦，重建尼尼微城〔Ernakulum〕A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast west of Madurai. It has a Jewish sector that may date to the second or third centurya.d. Population, 213,811. 埃纳库拉姆：印度西南部城市，位于马拉巴尔海岸，马杜拉以西，该城内有一犹太区，其历史上溯至公元 2至3世纪。人口213,811 〔rabbi〕Abbr. R.A person trained in Jewish law, ritual, and tradition and ordained for leadership of a Jewish congregation, especially one serving as chief religious official of a synagogue.缩写 R.犹太的法学博士：在犹太法律、仪式及传统方面受过训练的人，并被任命主持犹太教集会，尤指在犹太教堂中作为主要神职的人员〔marry〕The rabbi married the couple.犹太牧师为这对新人证婚〔Alexandria〕A city of northern Egypt on the Mediterranean Sea at the western tip of the Nile Delta. It was founded by Alexander the Great in 332b.c. and became a repository of Jewish, Arab, and Hellenistic culture famous for its extensive libraries. Its pharos (lighthouse) was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Population, 2,821,000. 亚历山大：埃及北部的城市，位于尼罗河三角洲西端的地中海沿岸。于公元前 332年由亚历山大大帝建立，并成为犹太、阿拉伯和希腊文化的博物馆，尤以其广博的收藏品而闻名。法罗斯岛（灯塔）是世界七大奇迹之一。人口2,821,000 〔cabalistic〕Having a secret or hidden meaning; occult:犹太神秘哲学的：有着神秘的或隐秘的意义；玄妙的：〔copacetic〕We know very little about the origin of the wordcopacetic, meaning "excellent, first-rate.” Is its origin to be found in Italian, in the speech of southern Black people, in the Creole French dialect of Louisiana, or in Hebrew?John O'Hara, who used the word inAppointment in Samarra, later wrote thatcopacetic was "a Harlem and gangster corruption of an Italian word.” O'Hara went on to say, "I don't know how to spell the Italian,but it's something like copacetti.” His uncertainty about how to spell the Italian is paralleled by uncertainty about how to spellcopacetic itself. Copacetic has been recorded with the spellings copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic, and kopasettee. The spelling is now more or less fixed, however, ascopacetic or copasetic, even though the origin of the word has not been determined.The Harlem connection mentioned by O'Hara would seem more likely than the Italian,sincecopacetic was used by Black jazz musicians and is said to have been Southern slang in the late 19th century. Ifcopacetic is Creole French in origin, it would also have a Southern homeland.According to this explanation,copacetic came from the Creole French word coupersètique, which meant "able to be coped with,” "able to cope with anything and everything,” "in good form,”and also "having a healthy appetite or passion for life or love.”Those who support the Hebrew or Yiddish origin ofcopacetic do not necessarily deny the Southern connections of the word. One explanation has it that Jewish storekeepers used the Hebrew phrasekol bĕṣedeq, "all with justice,”when asked if things were O.K. Black children who were in the store as customers or employees heard this phrase ascopacetic. No explanation of the origin ofcopacetic, including the ones discussed here, has won the approval of scholars, as is clearly shown by the etymology ofcopacetic in the first volume of the Dictionary of American Regional English, published in 1985: "Etym unknown.” 我们对copacetic 这个词的词源所知甚少，其意为“极好的、一流的”。 它是起源于意大利语、南方黑人口语、路易斯安那州的克里奥耳人的法语方言还是希伯来语？约翰·奥哈拉在撒马拉的约会 中用到这个词， 他后来写到copacetic 是“变成哈莱姆黑人居住区和强盗土语的意大利词”。 奥哈拉还说，“我不知道原来的意大利词是如何拼写的，但是有点象copacetti"。与他不敢肯定如何拼写这个意大利词一样，他对copacetic 一词本身的拼法也不敢肯定。 Copacetic 曾经被拼写成 copasetic, copasetty, copesetic, copisettic 以及 kopasettee。 现在它的拼法多少已经固定成copacetic 或 copasetic， 尽管这个词的词源仍未被确定。奥哈拉所提及的它与哈莱姆黑人居住区的关系看上去比它和意大利语的关系更有可能，因为黑人爵士歌手曾用过copacetic 这个词，并且据说在19世纪晚期它曾是南方的俚语。 如果copacetic 在词源上是克里奥耳人的法语， 那么它也是从南方来的。根据这一解释，copacetic 来自克里奥耳人法语中 coupersetique 一词， 表示“有能力与人竞争的”、“有能力处理任何事情及一切事情的”、“以好的方式的”，还表示“对生活或爱情有正常的欲望或激情的”。那些认为copacetic 来自希伯来语或意第绪语的人并不一定否认这个词与南方的关系。 一种解释认为，犹太店主们在被询问是否一切都好时用了希伯来语中的短语kol bĕṣedeq 即“一切太平”之意， 在店里作工或买东西的黑人儿童将这个短语听成了copacetic。 在关于copacetic 词源的解释中，包括以上讨论的这些，没有一种得到学者们的认可， 这一点我们可以在美国方言英语辞典 （1985年出版）第一册关于 copacetic 一词的词源解释中清楚地看到：“词源不知” 〔rabbinical〕From obsolete rabbin [rabbi] 源自 废语 rabbin [犹太法学博士] 〔Begin〕Russian-born Israeli politician. He led (1943-1948) Irgun, the Zionist underground movement in Palestine. After the establishment of Israel, Begin became a political leader known for his hard-line views on the Arabs, but as prime minister (1977-1983) he strove to resolve the Arab-Israel conflict. He shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt.贝京，梅纳切姆：(1913-1992) 俄裔以色列籍政治家。1943年至1948年，他在巴勒斯坦领导了伊尔干地下犹太复国主义运动。以色列建国后，作为政治领袖贝京以其对阿拉伯国家主张强硬路线的观点著名。但作为总理（1977-1983年），他努力解决阿以冲突问题。1978年他与埃及的安瓦·艾-萨达特共获诺贝尔和平奖〔Nazarene〕A member of a sect of early Christians of Jewish origin who retained many of the prescribed Jewish observances.基督教徒：早期犹太起源的基督教徒的一派中的一员，保留了多规定的犹太教义〔Nehemiah〕A Jewish leader and governor of Judea in the fifth centuryb.c. 尼希米：公元前 5世纪犹太领导人和朱迪亚地区的统治者 〔cabal〕The history ofcabal reveals how a word can be transferred from one sphere of activity to another while retaining only a tenuous connection with its past. Ultimately from Hebrewbut transmitted to English probably by way of Medieval Latin and French,cabal is first recorded in English in 1616 in the sense "cabala.” Cabala was the name for the Hebrew oral tradition transmitted by Moses and also the name for a Jewish religious philosophy based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures.The notion "esoteric" is central to the development of this word in English,forcabal, probably following the sense development in French, came to mean "a tradition, special interpretation, or secret,” "a private intrigue" (first recorded in 1646-1647),and "a small body of intriguers" (first recorded in 1660).It is probably not coincidental thatcabal is found with these latter meanings during the mid-17th century, that time of plots and counterplots by Royalists and Parliamentarians.The word gained a false etymology when it was noticed that the five most influential ministers of Charles II were named Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.单词cable 的历史表现出一个单词在与其过去的含义仅保持微弱联系的情况下，如何能够从一个使用范围转向另一个范围。 最起始是源于希伯来语，但可能是通过中世纪的拉丁语和法语转化为英语，cabal 以“秘教”的含义在英语中最早载于1616年。 Cabala 是对摩西所传的希伯来口头传说的称谓， 也是对基于希伯来圣经神秘解说的犹太宗教哲学的称谓。“深奥的”这个概念对于这个英文单词的发展是很重要的，因为cabal 可能是沿用法语里发展起来的含义， 意为“传统，特殊的理解或秘密的，“个人阴谋”（最早记载于1646至1647年），以及“较小的阴谋者的联合体”（最早记载于1660年）。它可能与cabal 的17世纪中叶的后来含义并不一致， 在这一时期内充斥着保皇党人和议员们的阴谋和对策。由于注意到查理二世时期五位最有影响的大臣姓名分别为克利福德，阿灵顿，白金汉，阿什利和劳德戴尔（其姓名首字母合起来为CABAL），该词由此得来一错误的语源说明〔miter〕from Latin mitra [headdress of the Jewish high priest] 源自 拉丁语 mitra [犹太祭司长的头饰] 〔Herod〕King of Judea (40-4) who, according to the New Testament, attempted to kill the infant Jesus by ordering the death of all children under the age of two in Bethlehem.希律：犹太王（公元前40-4年），据《新约》讲，他命令杀死伯利恒所有两岁以下的儿童，想借以杀死尚处于襁褓中的耶稣〔Nisan〕The seventh month of the year in the Jewish calendar. See table at calendar 尼撒月：犹太年历中的一年的第七个月 参见 calendar〔Judah〕In the Old Testament, a son of Jacob and Leah and the forebear of one of the tribes of Israel.犹大：《圣经·旧约》中雅各和利亚的儿子，一支犹太部落的祖先〔James〕One of the 12 Apostles. The son of Zebedee and brother of John, he preached in Spain and was martyred on his return to Judea.圣雅各：耶稣十二门徒之一。西庇太之子、约翰之兄，曾在西班牙布道。他殉难于返回犹太王国的途中〔rabbinate〕Rabbis considered as a group.犹太法学博士：被认为一个群体的犹太法学博士们〔skullcap〕A yarmulke.亚莫克便帽（犹太男子圆顶无边小帽）〔cabala〕Often Cabala A body of mystical teachings of rabbinical origin, often based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures. 常作 Cabala 希伯来教义：犹太原旨主义者神秘教义的一种集合体，常基于对希伯来圣经的神秘解说〔zealot〕Zealot A member of a Jewish movement of the first centurya.d. that fought against Roman rule in Palestine as incompatible with strict monotheism. Zealot 坚贞信徒：公元 1世纪，在巴勒斯坦反抗罗马统治运动的犹太教派成员。因其统治与一严格的神教相冲突 〔Shekinah〕A visible manifestation of the divine presence as described in Jewish theology.上帝显现：犹太神学中描述的表示神存在的看得见的显现〔rabbinate〕The office or function of a rabbi.犹太法学博士的身份或职位〔Maccabees〕A family of Jewish patriots of the second and first centuriesb.c. , active in the liberation of Judea from Syrian rule. 马加比家族：一个犹太爱国家族，公元前 2和1世纪时积极进行把朱迪亚从叙利亚解放出来的活动 〔haggadic〕Of or relating to the Haggadah.传统犹太文学的，或与之有关的〔Wiesenthal〕Ukranian-born Holocaust survivor who, as founder (1961) and head of the Jewish Documentation Center, has tracked down more than 1,000 Nazi war criminals, most famously Adolf Eichmann.维森塔尔，西蒙：乌克兰裔的犹太人大屠杀中幸存者，身为犹太文献中心的创立人(1961)和负责人，已追查到超过1,000名的纳粹战犯，最有名的是阿道夫·艾希曼 |
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