| 单词 | 独立王国 |
| 释义 | 〔Hungary〕A country of central Europe. Hungary became an independent kingdom under Saint Stephen (ruled 997?-1038). It passed to the Turks after 1526 and was later divided between the Ottoman Empire and Austria, subsequently becoming part of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918, when it achieved independence again. A Communist regime was established in 1949 and with the aid of the U.S.S.R. suppressed a counterrevolutionary uprising in 1956. A new constitution, guaranteeing free multiparty elections, was adopted in 1989. Budapest is the capital and the largest city. Population, 10,657,000.匈牙利：中欧的一个国家。圣斯蒂芬时期(997?-1038在位）匈牙利成为独立王国。1526年被土耳其人占领，后被奥托帝国和奥地利瓜分，后来1867年至1918年成为奥匈帝国的一部分，直至1918年再次取得独立。1949年在苏联的帮助下建立了共产主义政府，1956年镇压了一起反革命暴动。1989年采用了一部新宪法，确保多党自由选举制。首都布达佩斯亦是全国最大的城市。人口10,657,000〔Nubia〕A desert region and ancient kingdom in the Nile River valley of southern Egypt and northern Sudan. After the 20th centuryb.c. it was controlled by the rulers of Egypt, although in the 8th and 7th centuries an independent kingdom arose that conquered Eygpt and ruled as the XXV Dynasty (712-663). Converted to Christianity in the 6th century a.d. , Nubia united with Ethiopia but fell to the Moslems in the 14th century. Much of the region was flooded by the completion of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960's. 努比亚：埃及南部和苏丹北部尼罗河谷的沙漠地区和古代王国公元前 。20世纪后被埃及统治者控制，但是在公元前8世纪和7世纪曾兴起一个独立王国，征服了埃及并作为二十王朝（公元前712-663年）统治。 公元后 6世纪皈依基督教，努比亚和埃塞俄比亚联合，但在14世纪又转为伊斯兰教。在20世纪60年代亚斯文高水坝建成之前，这里大部分地区洪水泛滥 〔Tibet〕A historical region of central Asia between the Himalaya and Kunlun mountains. A center of Lamaist Buddhism, Tibet first flourished as an independent kingdom in the seventh century. It fell under Mongol influence from the 13th to the 18th century and later came under Chinese control (1720).西藏：亚洲中部的一个历史地区，位于喜马拉雅山脉和昆仑山脉之间。是喇嘛教的中心，它最早作为一个独立王国在7世纪时处于鼎盛时期，13至18世纪处于蒙古控制之下，后来归为中国统治(1720年）〔Montenegro〕A region of southwest Yugoslavia bordering on the Adriatic Sea. An ancient Balkan state, it long resisted the Turks and from 1910 to 1918 was an independent kingdom. Montenegro then joined the newly formed Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became Yugoslavia after 1929.黑山：南斯拉夫西南部一地区，位于亚得里亚海沿岸。古代巴尔干国，它长期抵抗土耳其，并于1910至1918年间成为独立王国。后来加入了由塞尔维亚、克罗地亚和斯洛文尼亚新组成的王国，这一王国在1929年后成为南斯拉夫〔Warsaw〕The capital of Poland, in the east-central part of the country on the Vistula River. Founded in the 13th century, it replaced Cracow as Poland's capital in 1596. Warsaw was ruled by Russia as an independent kingdom (1815-1917) and became capital of Poland again in 1918. Most of the city's Jewish residents were executed during the German occupation in World War II. Warsaw was rebuilt after 1945 and is today a major cultural, commercial, and industrial center. Population, 1,649,000.华沙：波兰首都，位于该国中西部，维斯杜拉河畔。建于13世纪，1596年该城取代克拉科夫而成为波兰首都。作为一个独立王国，华沙于1815-1917年处于俄国统治之下，1918年又成为波兰首都。该城大部分犹太居民都于二战中德军占领期间被处死。1945年之后，华沙得到重建，现在为一主要文化、商业和工业中心。人口1,649,000〔Kashmir〕A historical region of northwest India and northeast Pakistan. Conquered by Moslems in the 14th century, it was part of the Mogul empire after 1587 and became an independent kingdom in 1751. The British pacified the region in 1846 and installed a Hindu dynasty, which was overthrown by a Moslem revolt in 1947. Continued fighting in the area led to United Nations intervention (1949 and 1965) and the current partition of the region between India and Pakistan.克什米尔：印度西北部和巴基斯坦东北部一历史地区。该地区于14世纪被穆斯林征服，1587年后又成为莫卧儿帝国的一部分，1751年成为一个独立王国。1846年英国人平定该地区，建立印度王朝，但于1947年被一次穆斯林起义推翻。该地区持续不断的战争导致了联合国的干预（1949年和1965年）以及目前印度和巴基斯坦的分治〔Burgundy〕A Portuguese dynasty (1139-1383) beginning with Alfonso I, who made Portugal an independent kingdom.勃艮第：从使葡萄牙成为一个独立王国的阿立索一世开始的葡萄牙朝代(1139-1383年）〔Azerbaijan〕A region of northwest Iran. It was settled by the Medes before the eighth centuryb.c. and was a separate kingdom after the death of Alexander the Great. 阿塞拜疆：伊朗西北部地区，在公元前 8世纪前米提亚人拓殖，并在亚历山大大帝死后成为一个独立王国 〔Numidia〕An ancient country of northwest Africa corresponding roughly to present-day Algeria. It was part of the Carthaginian empire before the Punic Wars and became a separate kingdom after 201b.c. Conquered by Rome in 46 b.c. and invaded by the Vandals in the fifth century a.d. , Numidia was overrun by the Arabs in the eighth century. 努米底亚：非洲西北部的一个古国，大致在今天的阿尔及利亚。在古迦太基战争前是迦太基帝国的一部分，公元前 20年成为独立王国， 公元前 46年被罗马征服， 公元后 5世纪被汪达尔人侵略，8世纪大批阿拉伯人来到努米底亚 〔Granada〕A city of southern Spain southeast of Córdoba. Founded by the Moors in the eighth century, it became the center of an independent kingdom in 1238. The city was captured by Castilian troops in 1492, ending Moorish control in Spain. Population, 256,191.格拉纳达：西班牙南部一座城市，位于科尔多瓦东南，由摩尔人于8世纪创建，在1238年成为一个独立王国的中心。该城于1492年为卡斯蒂利亚人攻陷， 从而结束了摩尔人对西班牙的统治。人口256,191〔Majorca〕An island of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea off the east-central coast of the mainland. The largest of the Balearic Islands, it was the center of an independent kingdom from 1276 until 1343. Tourism is its major industry.马约卡岛：西班牙在地中海西部的一个岛屿，位于大陆的中东部海岸线之外，是巴利里克群岛最大的一个岛屿，在1276年至1343年间曾是一个独立王国的中心。旅游业是其支柱产业〔Palermo〕A city of northwest Sicily, Italy, on the Tyrrhenian Sea. Founded by Phoenicians c. eighth centuryb.c. , it later became a Carthaginian military base and was conquered by Rome in 254-253. The Arabs held the city from a.d. 831 until 1072, when it became capital of the independent kingdom of Sicily (until 1194). Population, 699,691. 马勒莫城：意大利西西里西北部城市，濒临第勒尼安海。腓尼基人建城于公元前 8世纪，后来它成为迦太基人的一个军事基地并于254-253年被罗马人征服。从 公元 831到1072年，阿拉伯人控制该城，当时它成为西西里独立王国的首都（直到1194年）。人口699,691 |
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