| 单词 | 王朝 |
| 释义 | 〔Sumer〕An ancient country of southern Mesopotamia in present-day southern Iraq. Archaeological evidence dates the beginnings of Sumer to the fifth millenniumb.c. By 3000 a flourishing civilization existed, which gradually exerted power over the surrounding area and culminated in the Akkadian dynasty founded (c. 2340) by Sargon I. Sumer declined after 2000 and was later absorbed by Babylonia and Assyria. The Sumerians are believed to have invented the cuneiform system of writing. 苏美尔：美索不达米亚平南部一古国，位于今伊拉克南部。据考古学的证据显示，苏美尔的建立可追溯到公元前 五千年，到公元前3000年，就已出现了繁荣的文明，它逐渐地影响并控制了周围的地区，到萨尔贡世建立的古阿卡德王朝时（前2340年）、文明达到顶峰的公元前2000年前后，苏美尔开始衰落，后来被巴比伦和亚述吞并，人们相信苏美尔人发明了象形文字 〔Verdun〕A city of northeast France on the Meuse River west of Metz. Dating to Roman times and an important Carolingian commercial center, it was the site of a prolonged World War I battle (February-December 1916) in which French forces repelled a massive German offensive. The total casualties have been estimated at more than 700,000. Population, 21,516.凡尔登：法国东北部的一个城市，位于梅斯以西的默兹河。其历史可溯及古罗马时代并是卡洛林王朝的一个重要的商业中心，它是第一次世界大战期间持续时间较长的一场战斗(1916年2月-12月）的战场，在此法国军队击退了德军的强大攻势。总伤亡人数估计有700,000多人。人口21,516〔Nubia〕A desert region and ancient kingdom in the Nile River valley of southern Egypt and northern Sudan. After the 20th centuryb.c. it was controlled by the rulers of Egypt, although in the 8th and 7th centuries an independent kingdom arose that conquered Eygpt and ruled as the XXV Dynasty (712-663). Converted to Christianity in the 6th century a.d. , Nubia united with Ethiopia but fell to the Moslems in the 14th century. Much of the region was flooded by the completion of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960's. 努比亚：埃及南部和苏丹北部尼罗河谷的沙漠地区和古代王国公元前 。20世纪后被埃及统治者控制，但是在公元前8世纪和7世纪曾兴起一个独立王国，征服了埃及并作为二十王朝（公元前712-663年）统治。 公元后 6世纪皈依基督教，努比亚和埃塞俄比亚联合，但在14世纪又转为伊斯兰教。在20世纪60年代亚斯文高水坝建成之前，这里大部分地区洪水泛滥 〔Kossuth〕Hungarian revolutionary leader who sought Hungary's independence from Austria. Declaring the Hapsburg dynasty invalid, he briefly led a provisional government (1849) until Russia interceded on Austria's behalf.科苏特，拉约斯：(1802-1894) 匈牙利革命领导人，他为匈牙利脱离奥地利获得独立不懈努力，宣称哈布斯堡王朝灭亡，他曾作过很短一段时间的临时政府首脑(1849年） ，直到俄国代表奥地利进行干预〔Carinthia〕A region and former duchy of central Europe in southern Austria. It was part of the Hapsburg domains after 1335.卡林西亚：中欧一地区和旧时的公国，在奥地利南部。1335年后该地区是哈布斯堡王朝的统辖区〔Stuart〕Ruling house of Scotland (1371-1603) and of England and Scotland (1603-1649 and 1660-1714).斯图亚特王朝：统治苏格兰(1371年-1603年）及英格兰和苏格兰(1603-1649年和1660年-1714年）的王室〔Achaemenid〕A member or subject of this dynasty.阿开民王朝时的成员，阿开民王朝的臣民〔Rus〕The medieval Russian state, established c. 862 by Scandinavian traders and warriors led by Rurik, who founded a dynasty at Novgorod. In 882 his successor moved the capital to Kiev, the center of Kievan Russia.古俄国：中世纪俄罗斯国家，约862年由留立克带领斯堪的纳维亚商人和战士建立，留立克在诺夫哥洛特-加龙省建立了王朝。882年他的继承人将首都迁到基辅，即基辅俄罗斯的中心〔Agra〕A city of north-central India on the Jumna River southeast of New Delhi. It was a Mogul capital in the 16th and 17th centuries and is the site of the Taj Mahal, built by the emperor Shah Jahan after the death of his favorite wife in 1629. Population, 694,191.阿格拉：印度中北部城市，位于新德里东南方向的朱木拿河沿岸。它曾是16世纪和17世纪蒙兀儿王朝的首都，且是国王沙·加汗在1629年其爱妻死后所建的泰姬·玛哈尔陵墓所在地。人口694,191〔celestial〕Celestial Of or relating to the Chinese people or to the former Chinese Empire. Celestial 中国人（王朝）的：中国人的、与中国人有关的或与前中国朝廷有关的〔Xia〕The first Chinese dynasty (traditionally dated c. 2205-1766b.c. ). No historical documents or archaeological evidence has been found to corroborate the legends about this dynasty. 夏朝：中国第一个王朝（传统上认为存在于公元前 2205年-1766年），现今还未发现证明该朝代存在的历史文献及出土文物证据 〔Carolingian〕Of or relating to the Frankish dynasty that was founded by Pepin the Short in 751 and that lasted until 987 in France and 911 in Germany.加洛林王朝的：751年矮子丕平创立的法兰克王朝的，与矮子丕平创立的法兰克王朝有关的。该王朝在法国一直延续到987年，在德国延续到911年〔Ptolemy〕An Egyptian dynasty of Macedonian kings (323-30b.c. ). The Ptolemies included Ptolemy I (367?-283?), a general in Alexander the Great's army who succeeded him as ruler of Egypt (323-285), and Ptolemy XV (47-30), who ruled as coregent (44-30) with his mother, Cleopatra. 托勒密王朝：由马其顿国王统治的埃及王朝(公元前 323-30年），托勒密国王包括 托勒密一世 （公元前367?-283?年），他是亚历山大大帝军队中的一位将军，并继他之后成为埃及的统治者（公元前323-285年），最后一位国王是 托勒密 十五世（公元前47-30年），他和他的母亲克利奥帕特拉共同执政（公元前44-30年） 〔Menes〕King of Egypt who founded the first dynasty uniting Upper and Lower Egypt.美尼斯：埃及之王，统一上埃及和下埃及而建立埃及第一王朝〔Heilbronn〕A city of southwest Germany on the Neckar River north of Stuttgart. On the site of a 9th-century Carolingian palace, it became a free imperial city in the 14th century. Population, 110,666.海尔布隆：德国西南部一城市，位于斯图加特北部内卡河之上。在9世纪时加洛琳王朝宫殿的遗址上，14世纪时成为自由帝国城市。人口110,666〔Babenberg〕A Franconian dynasty ruling the margraviate (976-1156) and duchy (1156-1246) of Austria.巴本贝格：统治奥地利总督领地（976-1156年）和公爵领地（1156-1246年）的弗兰哥尼王朝〔Angevin〕Of or relating to the House of Anjou, especially as represented by the Plantagenet kings of England descended from Geoffrey, Count of Anjou (died 1151).金雀花王朝的，安茹王朝的：安茹王朝的或与其有关的，尤指安茹伯爵杰弗里（死于1151年）的后代，英格兰金雀花王朝各国王所代表的安茹王朝〔Ife〕A city of southwest Nigeria east of Ibadan. Center of a powerful Yoruba kingdom until the late 17th century, it is an agricultural market with varied industries. Population, 209,100.伊费：尼日利亚西南部一城市，在伊巴丹市以东。直到17世纪后期，这时一直是强大的约鲁巴王朝的中心。现在为有多种工业的农产品市场。人口209,100〔Bohemia〕A historical region and former kingdom of present-day western Czechoslovakia. The Czechs, a Slavic people, settled in the area between the 1st and 5th centuriesa.d. A later principality was independent until the 15th century, when it passed to Hungary and then to the Hapsburgs. Bohemia became the core of the new state of Czechoslovakia in 1918. 波希米亚：历史上的地区和王国，在今天的捷克斯洛伐克西部。在1世纪和5世纪之间，斯拉夫人的一支捷克人在此定居。在公元 15世纪，其中主要部分独立出来，成立匈牙利，后来又变成哈布斯堡王朝。1918年，波希亚地区成为新成立的捷克斯洛伐克共和国的核心 〔Carolingian〕French Mérovingien [Merovingian] 法语 Mérovingien [法兰克王国墨洛温王朝的] 〔Achaemenid〕Of or relating to the dynasty that ruled the Persian Empire.阿契美尼德的，阿开民王朝的：统治波斯帝国的王朝的，或与该王朝有关的〔Provence〕A historical region and former province of southeast France bordering on the Mediterranean Sea. It was settled c. 600b.c. by Greeks and later by Phoenician merchants and was colonized by Rome in the second century b.c. Provence became part of the kingdom of Arles in 933 a.d. and later passed to the Angevin dynasty (1246) and to France (1486). 普罗旺斯：法国历史上东南部的一个地区和以前法国的一个省，临近地中海大约公元前 600年古希腊人开始在此定居，后来腓尼基商人也进入此地 公元前 2世纪，普罗旺斯成为罗马殖民地 公元 933年它成为亚耳王国的一部份，后来又归金雀花王朝所有（1246年）1486年归入法国 〔Mahabharata〕A Sanskrit epic principally concerning the dynastic struggle and civil war between the Pandavas and the Kauravas in the kingdom of Kurukshetra about the 9th centuryb.c., and containing the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, numerous subplots, and interpolations on theology, morals, and statecraft. 摩诃婆罗多：一部梵语史诗，主要描写公元前 9世纪时俱卢之野战争即般陀婆王国和俱卢族之间的王朝斗争和内战，包含 《薄伽梵歌》 全文，以及众多陪衬情节和有关神学、道德和治国术方面的添写 〔Capet〕A dynasty of French kings (987-1328), includingHugh Capet (940?-996), who was elected king in 987, thereby permanently removing the Carolingians from power, and ruled until his death. The expansion of territory and centralization of power under the Capets began the movement toward a unified France. 卡佩王朝：法兰西的一个王朝（987-1328年），其中有雨果·卡佩 （940？-996年），他于987年被推选为国王并因此永久地使加洛林王室丧失了权力。他一直统治到逝世时为止。卡佩王朝期间的领土扩张和中央集权开始了统一法兰西的运动 〔Anne〕Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1702-1714). The last monarch of the Stuart line, she was also the last English ruler to exercise the royal veto over Parliament (1707).安妮女王：大不列颠和爱尔兰的女王(1702-1714年）。斯图亚特王朝的最后一代君主，她也是最后一位行使否决议会决议权的英国统治者(1707年）〔Wakefield〕A borough of north-central England east-northeast of Manchester. In the Battle of Wakefield (1460) Richard Plantagenet, the third duke of York (1411-1460), was slain by Lancastrian forces in the Wars of the Roses.韦克菲尔德：英格兰中北部一城市，位于曼彻斯特东北偏东，在玫瑰战争韦克菲尔德一役(1460年）中，金雀花王朝约克·查理三世(1411-1460年）被兰开斯特部队绞死〔Prague〕The capital and largest city of Czechoslovakia, in the western part of the country on the Vltava River. Known since the 9th century, it was a leading cultural and commercial center by the 14th century and came under Hapsburg rule in 1526. In 1618 citizens of Prague expressed their dissatisfaction of Hapsburg rule by throwing several royal officials out of the windows of the Hradčany Castle in the so-called Defenestration of Prague. The city became the capital of newly formed Czechoslovakia in 1918. Population, 1,189,828.布拉格：捷克斯洛伐克首都及最大城市，位于这个国家的西半部，临瓦尔塔瓦河。该城自公元9世纪就已闻名于世，到14世纪为止是一个处于领先地位的文化及商业中心，于1526年开始为哈布斯堡王朝所统治。1618年，为了表示对哈布斯堡王朝统治的不满，布拉格市民将几个皇家官员从克拉克尼城堡的窗中扔了出去，从而制造了所谓的“布拉格扔出窗外”事件。1918年该城成为新形成的捷克斯洛伐克的首都。人口1,189,828〔Beaufort〕English Lancastrian. She forged an alliance with the Yorkists through the marriage of her son Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) to Princess Elizabeth, daughter of the influential Woodville family.博福特，玛格丽特：(1441-1509) 英国兰开斯特王朝拥护者。通过她的儿子亨利·都铎（后来的亨利七世）和有影响的伍德维尔家的女儿伊丽莎白的婚姻，她与约克党人结成联盟〔Tripoli〕A city of northwest Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea north-northeast of Beirut. Probably founded after the seventh centuryb.c. , it was capital of a Phoenician federation and later flourished under the Seleucid and Roman empires. Tripoli was captured by the Arabs in a.d. 638 and taken by the Crusaders in 1109 after a long siege. Population, 198,000. 的黎波里：黎巴嫩西北部的一个城市，临地中海，位于贝鲁特东北偏北方。很可能建于公元前 7世纪以后，曾是腓尼基联邦的首府，后来在塞琉古王朝和罗马帝国的统治下繁荣一时。 公元 638年，的黎波里被阿拉拍人占领，1109年十字军骑士在对它进行了长时间的包围后终于攻占了它。人口198,000 〔Burgundy〕A ducal house of Burgundy split into the Capetian line (1032-1361) and the Cadet, or Valois, line (1363-1477).勃艮第：分为卡佩蒂安王朝(1032-1361年）和卡代或沃洛斯王朝(1363-1477年）的勃艮第伯国〔Fatimid〕A Moslem dynasty that ruled North Africa and parts of Egypt (909-1171).法蒂玛王朝：一个统治北非和埃及一部分(909-1171年）的穆斯林王朝〔Antiochus〕A Seleucid dynasty ruling in Syria (280-64b.c. ). Its most important member was Antiochus III, known as "the Great" (242-187, ruled 223-187), who conquered much of Asia Minor but was defeated by the Romans in 190. 安提克王朝：统治叙利亚的赛琉西王朝(公元前 280-64年）。其最重要的人物是 塞琉古士三世 被称作“大帝”(247-187，223-187年在位），他征服了小亚细亚大片土地，但在公元前190年被罗马人打败 〔Wroclaw〕A city of southwest Poland on the Oder River. It was a member of the Hanseatic League (1368-1474) before passing to the Hapsburgs (1526) and Prussia (1742). Wroclaw was assigned to Poland by the Potsdam Conference (1945). Population, 636,000.弗罗茨瓦夫：波兰西南部一城市，位于奥得河畔。在归属哈布斯堡王朝(1526年）和普鲁士(1742年）之前，属于汉斯阿提克联盟的一员(1368-1474年）。1945年，弗罗茨瓦夫因波茨坦条约的签署而归属波兰。人口636,000〔Rurik〕Scandinavian warrior and the founder of the dynasty that ruled Russia until 1598.留里克：斯堪的纳维亚勇士，创建了统治俄国的留里克王朝，其统治一直延续到1598年〔Arsacid〕A member or subject of this dynasty.安息王朝的人或物〔Vienna〕The capital and largest city of Austria, in the northeast part of the country on the Danube River. Originally a Celtic settlement, it became the official residence of the house of Hapsburg in 1278 and a leading cultural center in the 18th century, particularly under the reign (1740-1780) of Maria Theresa. Vienna was designated the capital of Austria in 1918. Population, 1,524,510.维也纳：奥地利首都和最大的城市，在这个国家的东北部的多瑙河上。最早是凯尔特集居地，1278年成为哈布斯堡王朝的官方住址，到了18世纪成为主要的文化中心，特别是玛丽亚·特丽莎王朝的统治下(1740-1780年）。维也纳在1918年被指定为奥地利首都。人口1,524,510〔Seleucid〕A Hellenistic dynasty founded by Seleucus I after the death of Alexander the Great. It ruled much of Asia Minor from 312 to 64b.c. 塞琉卡斯王朝：塞琉古一世在亚历山大大帝死后建立的希腊王朝。从公元前 312到64年统治小亚细亚的大部分地区 〔Umayyad〕The first dynasty of Arab caliphs (661-750). Its capital was Damascus.伍麦耶王朝：阿拉伯哈里发的第一个王朝(661年-750年）。其首都为大马士革〔Carolingian〕A member of the Carolingian dynasty.加洛林王朝的王室成员之一〔Kashmir〕A historical region of northwest India and northeast Pakistan. Conquered by Moslems in the 14th century, it was part of the Mogul empire after 1587 and became an independent kingdom in 1751. The British pacified the region in 1846 and installed a Hindu dynasty, which was overthrown by a Moslem revolt in 1947. Continued fighting in the area led to United Nations intervention (1949 and 1965) and the current partition of the region between India and Pakistan.克什米尔：印度西北部和巴基斯坦东北部一历史地区。该地区于14世纪被穆斯林征服，1587年后又成为莫卧儿帝国的一部分，1751年成为一个独立王国。1846年英国人平定该地区，建立印度王朝，但于1947年被一次穆斯林起义推翻。该地区持续不断的战争导致了联合国的干预（1949年和1965年）以及目前印度和巴基斯坦的分治 |
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