| 单词 | 环境中 |
| 释义 | 〔wake〕The pairswake, waken and awake, awaken have formed a bewildering array since the Middle English period. All four words have similar meanings, though there are some differences in use.Onlywake is used in the sense "to be awake,” as in expressions likewaking (not wakening ) and sleeping, every waking hour. Wake is also more common than waken when used together with up; andawake and awaken never occur in this context: She woke up (rarely wakened up; never awakened up or awoke up ). Some writers have suggested thatwaken should be used only transitively and awaken only intransitively, but there is ample literary precedent for usages such asHe wakened early and They did not awaken her. In figurative sensesawake and awaken are more prevalent: wake,waken 和 awake,awaken 这两对词自中古英语以来就形成令人不解的一组词。 四个词有相似的意思，尽管在用法上有差异。只有wake 用于“保持清醒”的意义， 如在waking （而非 wakening ) and sleeping, every waking hour（清醒和睡眠，每一个醒着的时刻）。 Wake在与 up 一同用时也比 waken 更常用； 并且awake 和 awaken 从不出现在这种语言环境中： She woke up （很少用 wakened up ；从不用 awakened up 或 awoke up )。 有些作家指出waken 应只用作及物的而 awaken 只用作不及物的， 但有很多文学上的用法先例,如He wakened early（他醒得早） 和 They did not awaken her（他们没惊醒她）。 在比喻意义上awake 和 awaken 更普遍： 〔oasis〕A situation or place preserved from surrounding unpleasantness; a refuge:避风港，避难地：在不愉快环境中保留的情况或地方；避难地，慰藉：〔Lysenkoism〕A biological doctrine developed by Trofim Lysenko that maintains the possibility of inheriting environmentally acquired characteristics.李森科主义：由特罗菲尔·李森科发展起来的生物学理论，认为在后天环境中获得的特征有可能被继承〔kludge〕The wordkludge is not "etymologist-friendly,” having many possible origins,none of which can be definitively established.This term, found frequently in the jargon of the engineering and computer professions,denotes a usually workable but makeshift system, modification, solution, or repair.Kludge has had a relatively short life (first recorded in 1962 although it is said to have been used as early as 1944 or 1945) for a word with so many possible origins. The proposed sources of the word, Germanklug, kluge, "intelligent, clever,” or a blend ofklutz and nudge or klutz and refudge, do not contain all the necessary sounds to give us the word,correctly pronounced at least.The notions thatkludge may have been coined by a computer technician or that it might be the last name of a designer of graphics hardware seem belied by the possibility that it is older than such origins would allow.It seems most likely that the wordkludge originally was formed during the course of a specific situation in which such a device was called for.The makers of the word,if still alive,are no doubt unaware that etymologists need informationso they can stop trying to "kludge" an etymology together.单词kludge 不是“词源学家的朋友”， 有很多可能的来源，每一个都不能准确成立。这个词，经常在工程和电脑业的行话中找到，表示一个通常能工作但是临时凑合的系统、修改、解答或修理。作为一个有这么多可能的来源的词，kludge 却有一个相对小的年纪（1962年第一次有记载，尽管据说早到1944年或1945年就已经使用）。 该词被推荐的来源是德文klug, kluge “聪明的，灵巧的”， 或者klutz 和 nudge 的混合或 klutz 和 refudge 的混合， 没有包含能向我们给出这个词的所有必需的声音，至少是正确的发音。kludge 可能是由电脑技术人员杜撰的或者它可能是图形显示硬件的一名设计者的姓， 这些看法由于它比这些来源能允许的时间要早的可能性而被误解。看起来最可能的是单词kludge ， 最早是在需要这样的设备的特定环境中形成的。这一单词的制造者，如果还健在的话，毫无疑问意识不到词源学家需要此类信息，这样他们才能终止“临时搭配”成一个词源的努力〔streetwise〕Having the shrewd awareness, experience, and resourcefulness needed for survival in a difficult, often dangerous urban environment.适应都市环境的：在一困难，经常有危险的都市环境中有生存所需要的机敏的意识，经验或才智的〔deracinate〕To displace from one's native or accustomed environment.使背井离乡：从一个人出生或习惯了的环境中被驱赶〔cocoon〕To envelop in or as if in a cocoon, as for protection from a harsh or unfriendly environment.包围：包围在或好象包围在茧中，如在严峻的和非友好的环境中得到保护〔puddling〕Purification of impure metal, especially pig iron, by heating and stirring in an oxidizing atmosphere.搅炼：尤指将生铁等不纯净的金属在氧化环境中加热并搅动将其炼纯〔bubble〕"The Secret Service will talk of tightening protection, but no President wants to live in a bubble"(Anthony Lewis)“情报局要谈及严密的元首保护措施，但没有任何元首愿意生活在与外界隔离的环境中”(安东尼·刘易斯)〔cocoon〕To retreat as if into a cocoon, as for security from a harsh or unfriendly environment.隐蔽：好象撤退到茧中，如在严峻的和非友好的环境中得到安全〔caring〕A child has the right to grow up in a healthful, caring environment, 儿童享有在健康，充满爱心的环境中成长的权利一句， 〔constant〕An experimental or theoretical condition, factor, or quantity that does not vary or that is regarded as invariant in specified circumstances.永恒值：不变的或在具体环境中被认为不变的一个实验上或理论上的条件、因素或数量〔move〕To be active in a particular environment:活跃：在某个特殊的环境中活跃：〔idiolect〕The speech of an individual, considered as a linguistic pattern unique among speakers of his or her language or dialect.个人语型，个人言语方式（变体）：在所处的语言或方言环境中被作为独特的语言形式的个人语言〔therein〕In that circumstance or respect.在其中：在那环境中或在那个方面〔hardhat〕A lightweight protective helmet, usually of metal or reinforced plastic, worn by workers in industrial settings.安全帽：一种工人们在工业生产环境中戴的通常用金属或加强塑料制成的轻型保护头盔〔pick〕To discern from the surroundings; distinguish:分辨：从环境中辩认出；分辨出：〔mesophyte〕A land plant that grows in an environment having a moderate amount of moisture.中生植物：指在中等湿度环境中生长的陆地植物〔mildew〕A superficial coating or discoloration of organic materials, such as cloth, paper, or leather, caused by fungi, especially under damp conditions.变色，退色：某些有机物质，如布料、纸张或皮革，其表面由菌类作用而形成的薄层或褪色，尤其在潮湿的环境中〔domesticate〕To train or adapt (an animal or a plant) to live in a human environment and be of use to human beings.驯养：驯化动植物从而使其在人类环境中生存并造福于人〔Africanism〕A linguistic feature of an African language occurring in a non-African language.非洲人语言特征：非洲语言在非非洲语言环境中所特有的语言特征〔survivable〕survivable organisms in a hostile environment.在险恶环境中能够生存的生物体〔hothouse〕Delicate and sensitive, as if from growing up in a protective environment:纤弱的，敏感的，好象是在保护性环境中成长起来的：〔halobiont〕An organism that lives or grows in a salty environment.喜盐生物，咸水生物：生活或生长在盐的环境中的有机体 |
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