| 单词 | 现今 |
| 释义 | 〔agitprop〕"It also is a conspiracy movie, agitprop against today's targets, big government and big business"(George F. Will)“这部电影是一个阴谋，宣传反对现今的目标、庞大的政府和大型企业”(乔治.F.威尔)〔Nanjing〕A city of east-central China on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) northwest of Shanghai. The capital of China from the third to the sixth centurya.d. and again from 1368 to 1421, it is now the capital of Jiangsu province. Population, 2,250,000. 南京：中国中东部一城市，位于扬子江（长江）畔、上海西北。从公元 3世纪至6世纪是中国的都城，从1368年至1421年再度成为都城。现今是江苏省的省会，人口2,250,000 〔Greek〕The Indo-European language of the Greeks. Greek, the sole member of the Hellenic branch, consists of several groups of ancient and modern regional, social, and literary dialects and is divided into several historical periods.希腊语：印欧语系的希腊语，作为希腊语族的唯一成员，含有几组地方、社会和文学方面的古方言和现今方言，并被分为几个历史时期〔cheatgrass〕A grass(Bromus tectorum) that is native to Eurasian temperate regions and has become widespread in the grasslands of the western United States. Also called downy brome 雀麦草：原产于欧亚大陆温带地区的草本植物（雀麦草） ，现今美国西部草原分布极广 也作 downy brome〔Honolulu〕The capital and largest city of Hawaii, on the southeast coast of Oahu. Honolulu's harbor was first entered in 1794 by a British navigator. Settlement of the area began in 1816, and the city soon gained prominence as a whaling and sandalwood port. Today it is a major tourist center. Population, 365,272.檀香山，火奴鲁鲁：夏威夷首都和最大的城市，位于瓦胡岛东南沿海。1794年一个英国航海家首次进入火奴鲁鲁。1816年起开始有人定居，不久该城便成为著名的捕鲸和檀香木的港口。现今是一个重要的旅游中心。人口365,272〔Nalchik〕A city of southern European U.S.S.R. southeast of Rostov. Founded as a fortress town c. 1818, it is now an industrial center and a health resort. Population, 227,000.纳尔奇克：苏联南欧部分一城市，位于罗斯托夫东南部。于1818年作为要塞镇建立，现今是一个工业中心和疗养胜地。人口227,000〔Vinnytsya〕A city of west-central Ukraine southwest of Kiev. Founded in the 14th century, it passed to Russia in 1793 and is now a processing center and railroad junction. Population, 340,800文尼察：乌克兰中西部城市，位于基辅西南。14世纪建成，1793年并入俄罗斯，现今为加工中心和铁路枢纽。人口340,800〔Australia〕A commonwealth comprising the continent of Australia, the island state of Tasmania, two external territories, and several dependencies. The first British settlement, a penal colony at Fort Jackson (now part of Sydney), was established in 1788. The present-day states grew as separate colonies; six of them formed a federation in 1901. In 1911 Northern Territory joined the commonwealth and the Capital Territory, site of Canberra, was created. Canberra is the capital and Sydney is the largest city. Population, 15,544,500.澳大利亚：联邦制国家，由澳洲大陆塔斯马尼亚州岛，两块外部疆域及几个附属岛屿组成。英国于1788年在杰克逊堡（现悉尼一部分）建立第一块流放殖民者居住地。现今的各州已成为独立的殖民地；其中六州于1901年组建联邦。1911年北部地区加入联邦，作为首都地区的堪培拉这时也形成了。堪培拉为首都，悉尼为最大城市。人口15,544,500〔Cod〕A hook-shaped peninsula of southeast Massachusetts extending east and north into the Atlantic Ocean. Fishing, whaling, and shipping were important here until the late 1800's; the economy today is based largely on tourism.科德：美国马萨诸塞州东南的钩状半岛，向东向北伸入大西洋。直到19世纪末，渔业、捕鲸和船运业占有重要地位；现今其经济主要依赖于旅游业〔name〕looking for a colorful and evocative title for the book). Anappellation is a name other than a proper name that describes or characterizes and that gains currency primarily through use: 为这本书找一个富有色彩并具号召力的名字)。 Appellation 主要是指通过使用赚取现今的名字，通常名不符实： 〔Menominee〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting an area along the Menominee River, with a present-day population in northeast Wisconsin.密诺米尼人：曾居住在沿密诺米尼河沿岸的印第安人，现今居住在威斯康星州东北部〔Aeolis〕An ancient region of the western coast of Asia Minor in present-day Turkey. It was made up of a group of cities founded by the Aeolians c. 1100b.c. 伊奥利亚：位于现今土耳其小亚细亚西海岸的一古老地区，由约于公元前 1100年修建的一组城市组成 〔Vladikavkaz〕A city of southwest Russia at the foot of the Caucasus Mountains north-northwest of Tbilisi, Georgia. Founded in 1784 as a fortress, it is a metallurgical and industrial center. From 1932-1943 and from 1955-1990 it was known as Ordzhonikidze. Population, 314,600华迪卡夫克斯：俄罗斯西南部城市，位于格鲁吉亚第比利斯西北偏北的高加索山脉山脚处。1784年作为要塞建立，现今是冶金和工业中心。1932至1943年间以及1966至1990年间名为奥约纳基撒。人口314,600〔time〕times The present with respect to prevailing conditions and trends: times 时势：反映流行状况和趋势的现今状况：〔physics〕(used with a sing. verb)Abbr. phys.The science of matter and energy and of interactions between the two, grouped in traditional fields such as acoustics, optics, mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, as well as in modern extensions including atomic and nuclear physics, cryogenics, solid-state physics, particle physics, and plasma physics.（与单数动词连用）缩写 phys.物理，物理学：有关物质和能量及两者之间相互作用的科学，传统上分为声学、光学、机械学、热力学和电磁学，现今又扩展到包括原子物理、核物理、低温学、固体物理学、微粒物理学和等离子体物理学〔Deira〕A sixth-centurya.d. Anglian kingdom in present-day northeast England between the Humber and Tees rivers. It was later part of the kingdom of Northumbria. 德尔拉：公元 六世纪时的盎格鲁王国，在现今的英格兰东北方、汉柏河与提兹河之间。它后来成为诺桑比亚王国的一部分 〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔Carolinas〕The colonies (after 1729) or present-day states of North Carolina and South Carolina.卡罗来纳：北卡罗来纳州和南卡罗来纳州（1729年后）的殖民地或现今北卡罗来纳州和南卡罗来纳州〔Karaganda〕A city of northeast Central Asian U.S.S.R. north-northeast of Tashkent. Founded in 1857 as a copper-mining settlement, it is now the center of a coal industry. Population, 617,000.卡拉干达：苏联中亚部分东北部一城市，位于塔什干东北偏北。1857年该市作为铜矿开采点而建立，现今成为煤矿工业中心。人口617,000〔Kiowa〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the southern Great Plains, with a present-day population in southwest Oklahoma. The Kiowa migrated onto the plains in the late 17th century from an earlier territory in western Montana.基奥瓦族：早期居住于大平原南部，现今居住在俄克拉荷马州西南部的北美印第安民族。17世纪晚期基奥瓦人从蒙大纳州西部的更早的领地移居到大平原〔press〕from praestō [present, at hand] 源自 praestō [现今，即将到来] 〔Safi〕A city of western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean west-northwest of Marrakesh. A Portuguese base in the early 16th century, it is today a fishing, processing, and shipping center. Population, 197,309.萨菲：摩洛哥西部临大西洋的一城市，位于马拉喀什的西北偏西。16世纪初是葡萄牙的根据地，现今是渔业、加工业和航海业中心。人口，197,309〔Miniconjou〕A Native American people constituting a subdivision of the Teton Sioux, formerly inhabiting an area from the Black Hills to the Platte River, with a present-day population in west-central South Dakota.米尼康有族：美洲土著居民，为幕顿苏人的一支，原居住在布莱克山和普拉特河之间的地区，现今人口分布在南达科他州的中西部〔Napata〕An ancient city of Nubia near the Fourth Cataract of the Nile River in modern-day Sudan. It flourished during the eighth centuryb.c. 纳巴塔：努比亚的一座古城，位于现今苏丹的尼罗河第四瀑布附近，在公元前 8世纪期间很繁荣 〔chief〕the foremost research scientist of the day.现今处于最前列的研究科学家。〔Alboin〕King of the Lombards (565?-572) who led the Germanic invasion of present-day Italy, where he established the Lombard kingdom.阿尔博因：伦巴第的国王（565-572年），曾率领日尔曼人入侵现今的意大利地区，并在当地建立了伦巴第王国〔Seneca〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting western New York from Seneca Lake to Lake Erie, with present-day populations in this same area and in southeast Ontario. The Seneca are the westernmost member of the original Iroquois confederacy.塞内加族：早期居住在纽约州西部从塞尼卡湖到伊利湖的地区，现今居住在同一地区和安大略省东南地区的北美印第安族，塞内加族是早期的易洛魁联盟的最西部的成员〔norm〕the current middle-class norm of two children per family.现今每家两个孩子的中产阶级典型〔Narbonne〕A city of southern France near the Mediterranean coast southwest of Montpellier. Thought to have been the first Roman colony established in Transalpine Gaul (118b.c. ), it was an important seaport until its harbor silted up in the 14th century. It is now the commercial center of a wine-growing region. Population, 41,565. 纳巴达：法国南部的一座城市，与蒙彼利埃西南的地中海海岸相临，被认为是在外阿尔派恩高卢(公元前 118年）建立的第一个罗马人殖民地，它是一个重要海港，直到14世纪由于淤泥阻塞而停止使用，现今是葡萄种植的商业中心。人口41,565 〔Mescalero〕An Apache tribe formerly inhabiting southern New Mexico, western Texas, and north-central Mexico, with a present-day population in southern New Mexico.梅斯卡勒罗人：阿帕切族印第安人，原先定居于美国新墨西哥州南部、得克萨斯州西部及墨西哥中北部，现今此族人则居于新墨西哥南部〔Xanthus〕An ancient city of Lycia in present-day southwest Turkey. It was besieged and taken by the Persians (c. 546b.c. ) and the Romans (c. 42 b.c. ). Both times the residents destroyed the city before surrendering. 桑索斯：古代利西亚城市，位于现今土耳其的西南部，公元前 546年被波斯侵略并占领，于 公元前 42年又被罗马人占领，在两次城陷前居民都毁掉了城市 〔Friuli〕A historical region and former duchy of Italy in present-day northeast Italy and northwest Yugoslavia. Occupied by the Romans in the second centuryb.c. , it became a Lombard duchy in the sixth century a.d. and was conquered by various peoples and states before being ceded to Italy in 1866 (the western part) and 1919 (the eastern part). Eastern Friuli was awarded to Yugoslavia by treaty in 1947. 弗留利区：一历史原属意大利公爵领地的地区，在现今意大利东北和南斯拉夫西北。公元前 2世纪被罗马人占领， 公元后 6世纪成为伦巴第公爵的一块领地，曾被各种人或政权征服过直到1866年（西部）及1919年（东部）归于意大利。1947年东部弗留利通过和约割给南斯拉夫 〔Lille〕A city of northern France north-northeast of Paris near the Belgian border. Founded c. 1030, it was the medieval capital of Flanders and is now a commercial, cultural, and manufacturing center. Population, 168,424.里尔：法国北部城市，位于比利时边界附近巴黎东北偏北部。建于1030年，是佛兰德领地中世纪的首都，现今是商业、文化及制造业中心。人口168,424〔Mandan〕A Native American people formerly living in villages along the Missouri River in south-central North Dakota, with present-day descendants on Lake Sakakawea in west-central North Dakota.曼丹人：原居住于美国北达科他州中南部密苏里河两岸村庄中的美洲土著人，他们的后裔现今居住于北达科他州中西部的萨卡卡威湖周围〔translate〕"Today's low inflation and steady growth in household income translate into more purchasing power"(Thomas G. Exter)“现今的低通货膨涨率和家庭收入的稳定增长转化成了更多的购买力”(托马斯G.埃克斯特)〔Siegen〕A city of west-central Germany east of Cologne. The birthplace of the painter Rubens, it is today heavily industrialized. Population, 107,774.齐根：德国中西部一城市，位于科隆东部，是画家鲁本斯的出生地，现今已高度工业化。人口107,774〔Rhodes〕An island of southeast Greece in the Aegean Sea off southwest Turkey. It is the largest of the Dodecanese Islands and was colonized by Dorians from Argos before 1000b.c. and strongly influenced by the Minoan culture of Crete. The ancient city of Rhodes, on the northeast end of the island near the present-day city of Rhodes, was founded c. 408 b.c. Its harbor was the site of the Colossus of Rhodes, a bronze statue erected 292-280 b.c. that was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The modern city has a population of 40,392. 罗得岛：希腊东南一岛屿，位于爱琴海畔，土耳其西南面。它是多德卡尼斯群岛中最大的岛屿，在公元前 1000年被来自阿尔戈斯的多利安人殖民同化，且受克里特的弥诺斯文化的强烈影响。 罗得 古城，在岛屿的东北端边缘，靠近现今的 罗得 城，建立于 公元前 408年。其港口是罗得岛巨像的位置，它是矗立于 公元前 292-280年的青铜雕像，为世界七大奇迹之一。现在的城市人口为40,392 〔Kanaka〕Kanaka, which simply means "human being" in Hawaiian, is mostly found today in historical contextsand is not usually appropriate in ordinary discourse.As with many terms that refer to ethnic identity,Kanaka can suggest ethnic pride in some contexts while in others it may be taken as derogatory.Kanaka 在夏威夷语中意思是“人”。 现今该词主要在历史语境中出现，通常不适用于普通的交谈中。正如许多指称种族特性的术语，Kanaka 在某些语境中含有种族自豪的意思， 而在另一些语境中也许被当作贬义语〔Ute〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting a large area of Colorado, Utah, and northern New Mexico, with present-day populations in northeast Utah and along the Colorado-New Mexico border.犹他人：原居住在科罗拉多州，犹他州及新墨西哥州北部等大部分地区的印第安人，现今他们居住在犹他州的东北部地区以及科罗拉多州和新墨西哥州的边界〔Samaria〕An ancient city of central Palestine in present-day northwest Jordan. It was founded in the ninth centuryb.c. as the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, also known as Samaria. Conquered by Sargon II in 721, it was destroyed in the second century and rebuilt by Herod the Great. According to tradition, Saint John the Baptist is buried here. 撒玛利亚：巴勒斯坦中部一古城，位于现今约旦的西北部，该城作为以色列北部王国的首都建于公元前 9世纪，又称 撒玛里亚 ，于721年被二世征服，2世纪时被希律一世大帝推毁并重建，据传说施洗者圣约翰埋葬于此 |
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