| 单词 | 现代 |
| 释义 | 〔phyllo〕Modern Greek phullon 现代希腊语 phullon 〔Aragon〕A region and former kingdom of northeast Spain. It was united with Castile in 1479 to form the nucleus of modern Spain.阿拉贡：西班牙东北部的一个地域和前王国。1479年它与卡斯蒂利亚合并形成了现代西班牙的核心〔Buthelezi〕South African politician and leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party, originally a Zulu cultural movement established by his grandfather in the 1920s. He revived the movement in 1975 and transformed it into a modern political party in 1990.布特莱齐，曼戈秀克图·盖夏：南非政治家及因卡塔自由党领袖，因卡塔自由党前身为20年代布特莱齐祖父发起的祖鲁文化运动。1975年他再次发起该运动，并于1990年将其转变为现代政党〔mascot〕The wordmascot, which usually denotes something or someone that brings good luck, enjoys a positive meaning that is a distinct improvement over the meanings of some of its ancestors. Mascot came into English as a borrowing of the French wordmascotte, meaning "mascot, charm.”The English word is first recorded in 1881 shortly after the French word, itself first recorded in 1867,was popularized by the operaLa Mascotte, performed in December 1880. The French word in turn came from the Modern Provençal wordmascoto, "piece of witchcraft, charm, amulet,”a feminine diminutive ofmasco, "witch.” This word can probably be traced back to Late Latinmasca, "witch, specter.”Perhaps a mascot is as powerful as people think;fortunately, it is now in our corner.mascot 这个词通常指能够带来好运的某物或某人， 与其最早来源的几个词的词意相比，这个词所具有的褒义色彩是明显的进步。 Mascot 是借自法语的mascotte， 意思是“符咒，魔力。”该法语词的记录1867年出现不久，就在1881年有了这个英语词汇的最早记录，因1880年12月演出的一出歌剧La Mascotte 而流传开来。 法语中单词来源于现代普罗旺斯语mascoto ， 意思是“女巫的魔法，魔术，护身符”，一个意为“女巫”的masco 的阴性小词。 这个词可能追溯到后期拉丁语的masca ， 意为“女巫，幻象”。或许吉祥物这个词是指象人们想的一样魔力无边；幸运的是，它被我们记录进来了〔mime〕A modern performer who specializes in comic mimicry.滑稽演员：擅长滑稽模仿的现代演员〔Duncan〕American dancer whose use of simple costumes and free movement greatly influenced modern dance.邓肯，伊莎多拉：(1878-1927) 美国舞蹈家，她使用的简单服装与自由动作极大影响了现代舞蹈〔Kshatriya〕The second of the four Hindu classes, responsible for upholding justice and social harmony. In ancient India this was the royal or warrior class; in modern India, the professional, governing, or military class.刹帝利：四个印度种姓中的第二级，负责执法和维护社会安定。在古代印度，它由皇族和武士阶层构成；在现代印度，它表示职业、统治和军事阶层〔Landowska〕Polish-born harpsichordist who was largely responsible for the modern revival of interest in the harpsichord.兰多夫斯卡，旺达：(1879?-1959) 波兰裔的大键琴演奏家，对于现代古钢琴演奏的复苏起了决定性作用〔Whitney〕American inventor and manufacturer whose invention of the cotton gin (1793) revolutionized the cotton industry. He also established the first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable parts, marking the advent of modern mass production.惠特尼，埃利：(1765-1825) 美国发明家和制造商。他发明的轧花机(1793年）引起棉花工业的革命。他也建立了第一个用互换零件装配步枪的工厂，这标志着现代大生产的到来〔Krutch〕American critic, naturalist, and writer whose works includeThe Modern Temper (1929) and The Measure of Man (1954). 克鲁奇，约瑟夫·伍德：(1893-1970) 美国评论家、博物学家和作家，其作品包括《现代习性》 （1929年）和 《人的尺度》 （1954年） 〔modern〕a modern lifestyle; a modern way of thinking.现代生活方式；现代的思考方式〔shall〕The sentenceYou shall have your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your money"), whereasYou will have your money makes a simple prediction. · Such, at least, are the traditional rules.But the distinction has never taken firm root outside of what H.W. Fowler described as "the English of the English" (as opposed to that of the Scots and Irish), and even there it has always been subject to variation.Despite the efforts of generations of American schoolteachers, the distinction is largely alien to the modern American idiom.In Americawill is used to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage, andshall itself is restricted to first person interrogative proposals, as inShall we go? and to certain fixed expressions, such asWe shall overcome. Shall is also used in formal style to express an explicit obligation,as inApplicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed bymust or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice ofshall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow ("I intend to leave"); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. · Many earlier American writers observed the traditional distinction betweenshall and will, and some continue to do so.The practice cannot be called incorrect,though it may strike American ears as somewhat mannered.But the distinction is difficult for those who do not come by it natively,and Americans who essay ashall in an unfamiliar context run considerable risk of getting it wrong, and so of being caught out in that most embarrassing of linguistic gaffes, the bungled Anglicism.See Usage Note at should 句子你将得到你的钱 表达了一种承诺（“我将保证你得到你的钱”）， 而你会得到你的钱 仅仅做出了简单预测。 这些至少是传统规则。但是这种用法上的区别仅局限于H·W·福勒所描述的“英格兰人的英语”（与苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的英语相对），即使在英格兰英语中它一直在变化。尽管经过几代美国学校教师的努力，这种区别对现代美国习惯用语仍是相当生疏的。在美国，will 被用来表达在英国用法中大多为 shall 保留的含义， 而shall 则限于第一人称疑问句式的提议， 如在我们该走了吧? 及某些固定表达中， 例如我们会克服的。 Shall 也用在正式文体中表示明确职责，如申请者应提供居留证明 ， 虽然这个意义也可用must 或 should 表达。 在口语中可以通过强调助动词shall 或 will ，如 我 将 于明天离开 （“我打算明天离开”）；或通过选择另一个助动词 must 或 have to ；或通过使用如 certainly 这样的副词来表达英国人用这两个词时的区别。 许多早期的美国作家注意到了shall 和 will 之间的传统区别， 而且一些人仍在继续这样做。这种用法不能被称作不正确，虽然美国人听起来有点矫揉造作的意味。但是这种区别对于那些不能通过母语了解它的人是困难的，而且在一个不熟悉的上下文中，试图用shall 的美国人很有可能犯错误， 因而在许多令人难堪的语言即被搞得一团糟的英式英语中出丑 参见 should〔Knesset〕Modern Hebrew Kneset 现代希伯来语 Kneset 〔modern〕Modern Italian, Modern Romance languages.现代意大利语，现代罗曼语系〔demotic〕Demotic Of or relating to a form of modern Greek based on colloquial use. Demotic 现代希腊语的：基于口语应用的现代希腊语的一种形式的或与之有关的〔Wright〕American architect whose distinctive style, based on natural forms, had a great influence on the modern movement in architecture. His designs include private homes, the Johnson Wax Company Building in Racine, Wisconsin (1939), and the Guggenheim Museum in New York City (1943-1959).莱特，弗兰克·劳埃德：(1869-1959) 美国建筑师，他基于自然形式的特殊建筑风格极大地影响了现代建筑业。他的设计包括私人住宅，在威斯康星州的拉辛市的约翰逊制腊公司办公大楼(1939年），和纽约的古根海姆博物馆(1943-1959年）〔Pliocene〕Of, belonging to, or designating the geologic time, rock series, and sedimentary deposits of the last of the five epochs of the Tertiary Period, characterized by the appearance of distinctly modern animals. See table at geologic time 上新世的：上新世的、属于或表示第三纪五世中最后一世的地质时代、岩石系列和沉积物的，以明显地出现现代动物为特征 参见 geologic time〔contemporary〕A rise in interest rates is often contemporaneous with an increase in inflation. Onlycontemporary has the sense "modern" or "present-day": 利率的提高常常与通货膨胀的增长同时出现。 只有contemporary 有“现代的”或“当前的”之意： 〔doubt〕That is also the usual choice when the truth of the clause following doubt is assumed, as in negative sentences and questions. ThusI never doubted for a minute that I would be rescued implies "I was certain that I would be rescued.” By the same token,Do you doubt that you will be paid? seems to pose a rhetorical question ("Surely you believe that you will be paid"), whereasDo you doubt whether you will be paid? may express a genuine request for information and might be followed bybecause if you do, you should make the client post a bond. In other cases, however, this distinction betweenwhether and that is not always observed, andthat is frequently used as a substitute for whether. If may also be used as a substitute forwhether but is more informal in tone. ·In informal speech the clause followingdoubt is sometimes introduced with but: I don't doubt but (or but what ) he will come. Reputable precedent exists for this construction,as in"I do not doubt but England is at present as polite a Nation as any in the World" (Richard Steele),but modern critics sometimes object to its use in formal writing.See Usage Note at but ,if 在否定句及疑问句中当doubt 后的从句所作陈述被认为是真时，用 that 。 所以我从不怀疑我会被救起 意思就是“我确信我会得救”。 同样你怀疑人家会赖帐吗？ 似乎就成了一个反问句（“你当然相信人家不会赖帐了”）， 而你怀疑人家是否付款吗？ 就表示一个真诚的询问， 可能接下来会说因为如果你怀疑的话，你就该让顾客付保证金 。 在其它情况下，whether 和 that 的区别并不很明显， 而且that 经常用来替代 whether。 If 也经常用来代替whether ， 但是语气不很正式。在非正式语气中doubt 后面的从句有时由 but引导：I don't doubt but （或 but what ) he will come。 这种结构有其先例且属规范用法，如“我不怀疑目前的英格兰象世界上其他国家一样是礼义之邦” （理查德·斯蒂尔），但现代评论家有时反对在正式文体中这样使用 参见 but,if〔Mishima〕Japanese author best known forThe Sea of Fertility (1970), a tetralogy which explores the development of modern Japanese ideals. 三岛由纪夫：日本作家，以《丰饶之海》 （1970年）一书闻名，书中探讨现代日本理想的发展 〔Einstein〕German-born American theoretical physicist whose special and general theories of relativity revolutionized modern thought on the nature of space and time and formed a theoretical base for the exploitation of atomic energy. He won a 1921 Nobel Prize for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.爱因斯坦，阿尔贝特：(1879-1955) 德裔美国理论物理学家，他创立的狭义和广义相对论使现代关于时间和时间性质的想法发生突破性进展并给原子能的利用提供了理论基础。 因其对光电效应的解释获1921年诺贝尔奖〔footnote〕a political scandal that was but a footnote to modern history.一件对现代历史无足轻重的政治丑闻〔Cenozoic〕Of, belonging to, or designating the latest era of geologic time, which includes the Tertiary Period and the Quaternary Period and is characterized by the formation of modern continents, glaciation, and the diversification of mammals, birds, and plants. See table at geologic time 新生代的：属于、隶属于或称呼地质史上最新的时代的，包括第三纪和第四纪，其特征为现代大陆的形成、冰川作用以及哺乳动物、鸟类和植物的多样化 参见 geologic time〔Carducci〕Italian poet considered the national poet of modern Italy. He won the 1906 Nobel Prize for literature.卡尔杜齐，吉奥苏：(1835-1907) 意大利诗人，被看作是现代意大利民族诗人，曾获1906年度诺贝尔文学奖〔Nesbit〕British writer of children's books best known for her modern fairy tales and fantasies, notablyFive Children and It (1902). She was a founder of the socialist Fabian Society. 奈斯比特：英国儿童书籍作家，因其现代童话和幻想小说而著称，尤其是《许愿精灵》 (1902)。她是倡导社会主义的费边社的创始人 〔Prakrit〕Any of the modern Indic languages.任一种现代印度语〔Boulanger〕French music teacher of several modern American composers, including Virgil Thomson and Aaron Copland.博兰格尔，讷迪亚·朱烈特：(1887-1979) 法国音乐教师，教过维吉尔·汤姆逊和艾伦·科普兰在内的一些美国现代作曲家〔monitor〕A modern warship designed for coastal bombardment.海防战舰：被设计用作近海攻击的现代战舰〔modern〕The wordmodern, first recorded in 1585 in the sense "of present or recent times,” has traveled through the centuriesdesignating things that inevitably must become old-fashionedas the word itself goes on to the next modern thing.We have now invented the wordpostmodern, as if we could finally fixmodern in time, but evenpostmodern (first recorded in 1949) will seem fusty in the end, perhaps sooner thanmodern will. Going back to Late Latinmodernus, "modern,” which is derived frommodo in the sense "just now,” the English wordmodern (first recorded at the beginning of the 16th century) was not originally concerned with anything that could be later considered old-fashioned. It simply meant "being at this time, now existing,” an obsolete sense today.Beginning in the later 16th century, however, we see the word contrasted with the wordancient and also used of technology in a way that is clearly related to our own modern way of using the word.Modern was being applied specifically to what pertained to present times and also to what was new and not old-fashioned.Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries the word could be used to designate a movement in art,which is now being followed by postmodernism.单词modern 首次于1585年以“现在的或最近的时代”的意义被记载， 它已经历了数个世纪，表明必然会变得过时的事物，就象这个词本身也会继续走向更加现代。现在我们已发明了单词postmodern， 仿佛我们终于能及时固定住modern 的了， 但即使是postmodern （首次于1949年记载）最终也会显得过时， 也许比modern 更快。 可追溯至近代拉丁词modernus “现代的”， 源自表示“刚才”意思的modo ， 英语单词modern （首先在16世纪初被记载）原本与后来被认为过时的事物没有任何联系。 它只意味着“现时的，现存的”，今天已废弃了的一个意思。然而从16世纪晚期我们看到这个词成为ancient 的反义词并且用于科技， 其意义与我们现在使用的意义明显相关。Modern 当时特指现时的事物， 也指新的且不过时的事物。因此在19世纪和20世纪这个词能被用来表示艺术上的一个运动，现在尾随其后的是后现代主义〔distant〕a civilization ten centuries removed from modern times;距现代10世纪之遥的文明；〔Crete〕An island of southeast Greece in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its Minoan civilization was one of the earliest in the world and reached the height of its wealth and power c. 1600b.c. Crete subsequently fell to the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. The islanders proclaimed their union with modern Greece in 1908. 克里特岛：希腊东南沿海的一个岛屿，位于地中海东部。它的迈诺斯文明是世界是最早的文明之一，并在公元前 17世纪纪达到其财富和权势的顶峰。克里特岛先后被希腊人、罗马人、拜占廷人、阿拉伯人、威尼斯人和奥托曼土耳其人攻陷。岛上居民在1908年宣布与现代的希腊结成联盟 〔pataphysics〕The French absurdist concept of a philosophy or science dedicated to studying what lies beyond the realm of metaphysics, intended as a parody of the methods and theories of modern science and often expressed in nonsensical language.超然科学：法国怪诞学派关于一种哲学或科学概念，致力于研究超然于形而上学的存在物，倾向于模仿现代的科学方法和理论，常用毫无意义的语言来表达思想〔Scaliger〕Italian physician and scholar noted for his scientific and philosophical writings. His sonJoseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), a French scholar, pioneered the modern study of classical texts. 斯卡利哲，尤里乌斯·凯撒：(1484-1558) 意大利医生和学者，以其科普和哲学著作出名。其子约瑟夫·尤斯图斯·斯卡利哲 (1540-1609年）是法国学者，为对古典文本作现代研究的先驱 〔premodern〕the feudal system of premodern Japan; a premodern assembly line.日本现代时期前的封建制度；现代时期前的装配线〔waitron〕"The dining room staff is as comfortable with making you comfortable as the typical modern waitron is uncomfortable"(Washington Post)“就象典型的现代侍者令人不舒服一样，餐厅服务人员令人感到很舒适”(华盛顿邮报)〔Brubeck〕American jazz pianist and composer considered to be one of the foremost exponents of progressive jazz.布鲁贝克，戴维·沃伦：(生于 1920) 美国爵士乐钢琴家和作曲家，现代爵士乐的极力提倡者之一〔modern〕Of or relating to a recently developed or advanced style, technique, or technology:现代的，最新的：属于或有关一种最近发展的或先进的风格、技能或技术：〔window〕The wordwindow conceals a poetic image that is not at all transparent. Our word comes to us from the Scandinavian invaders and settlers of England in the early Middle Ages.Although we have no record of the exact word they gave us,it was related to Old Norsevindauga, "window,” a compound made up ofvindr, "wind,” and auga, "eye,” reflecting the fact that at one time windows contained no glass.In our time we have takenwindow, which has been recorded in the language for almost 800 years, in a figurative direction with phrases such aslaunch window, weather window, and window of opportunity or vulnerability. Rockets and missiles now travel through the "wind's eye.”window 这个词掩盖了一个不明显的富有诗意的意象。 这个词是中世纪初由斯堪的纳维亚入侵者和英格兰的开拓者带来的。尽管没有确切记录这个词是什么，但它与古斯堪的纳维亚语中的vindouga 有关系，“窗户”， 是由vindr “风”，和 auga “眼睛”组成的复合词， 这反映出窗户在当时是没有玻璃的。在现代我们用的window 已有记录近800年了， 现在它已有了比喻意义，如在短语最佳发射时段, 海面平静期, 和 window of opportunity 或 vulnerability。 火箭和导弹现在要穿过“风的眼睛”〔Mixtec〕A modern-day descendant of this people.米斯克人：此族人现代后裔〔moshav〕Modern Hebrew môšāb 现代希伯来语 môšāb |
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