| 单词 | 现在 |
| 释义 | 〔Surratt〕American alleged conspirator in Abraham Lincoln's assassination. She was convicted as a conspirator and executed along with three others, although it now appears that she knew nothing about the plot to kill the President.苏拉特，玛丽·尤金尼娅·詹金斯：(1820?-1865) 被指控为阿拉伯罕·林肯谋杀案同谋的美国人，她被作为同谋犯与其他三个人一道被定罪并处决，但现在看来她对杀害总统的阴谋一无所知〔Wave〕A member of the women's reserve of the U.S. Navy, organized during World War II, but now no longer a separate branch.志愿紧急服役妇女队：美国海军妇女预备队成员，二战期间组建，但现在不再是独立的分支〔Champlain〕French explorer who founded Port Royal, now Annapolis Royal, in Nova Scotia (1605) and established a settlement (1608) on the site of present-day Quebec.尚普兰，塞缪尔·德：(1567?-1635) 法国探险家，建立皇室港即现在新斯科舍省（1605）的皇属安纳波利斯，并于1608年在今魁北克省建立殖民地〔crocodile〕The crocodile may owe its name to its resemblance to a much smaller creature, a lizard that lived in the stone walls of Ionia.This lizard's name,krokodilos, is thought to be a compound of krokē, "pebble, gravel,” and drilos, which is only attested as meaning "circumcised man" but is assumed to mean "worm" as well. According to Herodotus, Ionians in Egypt noted the resemblance, probably humorously, between basking crocodiles and their own "worm of the stones.”The modern form of Englishcrocodile represents a return to the Classical Latin spelling crocodīlus, Latin having borrowed the word from Greek.But other spellings occurred in Classical Greek and Latin, and one of these Latin spellings,cocodrillus, passed into Medieval Latin and Old French (cocodril ) and then into English, so that our earliest possible use of the word, in a work perhaps composed before 1300, is spelledcokedrille. It was not until the 16th century that the word came to have its present spelling.The various spellings met with in the history ofcrocodile reflect the same sort of variations that occurred in the history of alligator. 鳄鱼可能是因为与一种比它小得多的生物，即生长在爱奥尼亚的石墙中的蜥蜴外表相似而得名。这种蜥蜴的名字krokodilos 被认为是由 kroke （意为“卵石，砾石”）一词和 drilos 这一（只被证明有“受割的人”的意思但又被假定有“蠕虫”的意思的）词组成的复合词。 希罗多德认为，埃及境内的爱奥尼亚人可能出于幽默而记下了晒太阳的鳄鱼和他们本地的“石头中的蠕虫”之间的类似点。英语的crocodile 的现代形式反映了古拉丁语拼法 crocodilus 的回归， 拉丁语中的这个词是从希腊语中引入的。但是出现在古希腊语和古拉丁语中的其它拼法以及其中一种拉丁语拼法，cocodrillus ， 却进入到中世纪拉丁语和古法语(cocodril )中，然后又进入到英语中， 所以出现在可能写于1300年以前的一篇文章中的我们最早有可能使用该词时的拼法是cokedrille 。 直到16世纪，这个词才变成现在这种拼法。在crocodile 一词的演变历史中的多种拼法也反映了在 alligator 一词的演变历史中的相似变化 〔minestrone〕The thick vegetable soup known asminestrone did not come by its name because of its ingredients or their shape but rather because of service,something highly valued by many restaurant patrons.Minestrone is from the Italian word of the same form and sense, which in turn is derived fromminestra, meaning "a dish generally consisting of pasta, rice, beans, or vegetables cooked in water.”Minestra has been borrowed into English as well, being first recorded in 1750,whileminestrone is first found in 1891. The Italian wordminestra is from the verb minestrare, meaning "to serve this type of soup" or "dish up,”which goes back to the Latin verbministrāre, "to serve food,” from Latinminister, "servant.” 这种叫作minestrone 的蔬菜浓汤不是由其成分或形状而得名， 而是由其上菜方式而得名的，这一点得到很多饭店主顾的称道。Minestrone 源于同形同义的意大利语词， 这个词由minestra 而来， 意为“通常用面团、大米、豆子或蔬菜加水煮成的菜”。英语中也引入了minestra 这个词， 该词第一次出现于1750年，而minestrone 则首次于出现在1891年。 意大利语词minestra 由动词 minestrare 而来， 意为“上这种汤”或“把…装盘上菜”，这个词可追溯到拉丁语动词ministrare 意为“上菜”， 又由拉丁语词minister “仆人”而来 〔fun〕The day may come when this usage is entirely unremarkable,just as the wordtalkative has lost all taint of its originally jocular formation from the attachment of a Latinate suffix to a native Anglo-Saxon root. At present, however, the attributive use offun may still raise eyebrows, and writers who want to stay on the safe side are advised to avoid it in contexts in which a light tone would not be appropriate.也许总有一天，这一用法会变得完全不引人注意了，正如单词talkative 在其拉丁语后缀与盎格鲁-撒克逊语词根组成词时该词有打趣的意味，但现在已失去其所具有的本义了。 然而，现在使用fun 做定语仍有可能导致误解， 而为保险起见的作家也都会避免在与轻松的语调显得不太协调的行文中使用该词〔Scutari〕A lake of southeast Europe on the border between southwest Yugoslavia and northwest Albania. It was once an inlet of the Adriatic but is now separated from the sea by an alluvial isthmus.斯库台湖：欧洲东南部的一个湖，位于南斯拉夫西南部和阿尔巴尼亚西北部边境上。它曾经是进入亚得里亚海的通道，但现在被一个冲积海峡把它与大海隔开了〔Oldenburg〕A city of northwest Germany west of Bremen. First mentioned in 1108, it was chartered in 1345. It is now an industrial and transportation center. Population, 138,469.奥尔登堡：德国西北部的一个城市，位于不来梅以西。关于该城的历史记录最早在1108年，于1345年被授予特许权。它现在是一个工业和运输中心。人口138,469〔Tonkin〕A historical region of southeast Asia on theGulf of Tonkin, an arm of the South China Sea, now forming most of northern Vietnam. It was part of French Indochina from 1887 to 1946. 东京湾：东南亚一历史地区，位于东京湾 沿岸，为南中国海的一支。该地现在组成了越南北部的大部分地区。从1887年到1946年，这里是法属印度支那的一部分 〔Haworth〕A village of northern England west-northwest of Bradford. The Brontë sisters—Charlotte, Emily, and Anne—lived with their father and brother in the parsonage, which now houses a library and museum devoted to family memorabilia.霍沃思：英格兰北部一村庄，位于布雷福德西北偏西。布朗特姐妹（夏洛特、艾米莉和安妮）和她们的父亲及弟弟所住的牧师寓所现在已改为图书博物馆，用来纪念这一家族〔already〕By this or a specified time; before:早已，已经：到现在为止或到某一特点为止；先前：〔Taormina〕A town of eastern Sicily, Italy, at the foot of Mount Etna overlooking the Ionian Sea. First founded in the eighth centuryb.c. , it is a famous winter resort. Population, 10,085. 陶尔米纳：意大利西西里岛东部一城镇，位于能俯瞰爱奥尼亚海的埃特纳火山脚下。它第一次建城是在公元前 8世纪，现在它是一个闻名遐迩的冬季度假胜地。人口10,085 〔shop〕“[The company] is now actively being shopped around, with a prospectus in circulation" (Marianne Yen)“[公司] 现在积极地出售股票，企业介绍书也在发行中” (玛丽安娜·叶恩)〔before〕The case is now before the court.这个案子现在已交庭审理〔link〕The Alumnae Association is my link to the school's present administration.女校友协会是我和现在学校行政部门之间的纽带〔pries〕Third person singular present tense of pry 2 pry的第三人称单数现在时2〔Natchez〕A Native American people formerly located on the lower Mississippi River near present-day Natchez. The Natchez ceased to exist as a people after war with the French in the early 18th century.纳齐兹族：一个美洲印第安民族，以前居住在密西西比河下游，现在的纳齐兹附近。18世纪初期纳齐兹族在和法国人作战后不再作为一个民族而存在〔materialize〕In its original sensesmaterialize is used intransitively to mean "to assume material form,” as inMarley's ghost materialized before Scrooge's eyes, or transitively to mean "to cause to assume material form,” as inDisney materialized his dream in a plot of orchard land in Orange County. But these uses are probably less common nowadays than two extended senses of the intransitive sense of the verb.In the first the meaning is roughly "to appear suddenly,”as inNo sooner had we set the menu down than a waiter materialized at our table. Some critics have labeled this use incorrect,but the criticism may suggest an overliteralism;used in this way,the verb has the sense "to appear as if by magic.”Materialize also means "to take effective shape, come into existence,” particularly as applied to things or events that have been foreseen or anticipated: materialize 的最初含义是作为不及物动词时意思是“具有物质形式，” 例如在玛雷的鬼魂在斯克鲁奇眼前显现了 一句中或作及物动词时意思是“使具有物质形式，” 例如在迪斯尼在奥兰治郡的一块果园实现了他的梦想 中。 但是现在这两种用法也许不如该词作为不及物动词的两种延伸的用法更为常见。第一种用法的大致意思是指“突然出现，”例如在我们刚放下菜单不久，侍者就突然出现在我们的饭桌旁 中。 一些批评家认为这种用法不准确，但是这种批评未免太拘泥于字面意思；同样这种用法下，该词还有“仿佛由于魔力而出现”的意思。Materialize 还有“显形，显效，出现”的含义， 尤其适用在已经预料到或被期望的事物。 〔Yuma〕A Native American people inhabiting an area along the lower Colorado River, formerly on both banks but now mainly on the California side.尤马族：一支美洲土著人，沿科罗拉多河下游的地区居住，原先居住于两岸，但现在主要住在加利福尼亚这一侧〔Barotseland〕A former kindgom of central Africa, now the western part of Zambia.巴罗策兰省：非洲中部以前的一个王国，现在位于赞比亚的西部〔Nacogdoches〕A city of eastern Texas east of Waco. Settled in 1779 on the site of a Spanish mission founded in 1716, it is today a processing and manufacturing center. Population, 30,872.纳科多奇斯：得克萨斯东部一城市，位于韦科的东面，在1716年建立的西班牙布道团的基础上于1779年正式确立，现在是一个加工业和制造业中心。人口30,872〔try〕The phrasetry and is commonly used as a substitute for try to, as inCould you try and make less noise? A number of grammarians have labeled the construction incorrect.To be sure, associated with informal style,the usage strikes an inappropriately conversational note in formal writing.In the most recent survey65 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the use in writing of the sentence try and 这一词组通常可用来替代 try to ， 如在你能试着少发出点噪音吗？ 中。 一些语法学家认为这一结构不正确。由于这一用法常用于非正式文体，一旦出现在正式文章中便会产生不相适宜的谈话式情调。在最近的调查中，65%的用法评审委员成员反对它被用于如下的句子： 〔rise〕The emergence of a fish seeking food or bait at the water's surface.游出水面：小鱼为了寻求食物或诱饵而出现在水面之上〔same〕The expressionssame and the same are sometimes used in place of pronouns such as it or one, as inWhen you have filled out the form, please remit same to this office. As this example suggests, the usage is associated chiefly with commercial and legal language,and some critics have suggested that it should be reserved for such contexts.But though the usage often does sound stilted,it occurs with some frequency in informal writing, particularly in the phraselack of same, as inIt is a question of money, or lack of same. And blind conformity to the critical injunction would have deprived us of the famously laconic radio message sent by a U.S. Navy officer during World War II: Same 和 the same 这两个表达法有时用作代词以替代 it 或 one， 如句子When you have filled out the form，please remit same to the office（填完表格后请提交给办公室）。 正如这个例子所表示的，这种用法主要出现于商业和法律用语，有些评论家认为应当把这种用法限制于此。尽管这种用法常听起来不太自然，但它有时也会出现在非正式的书面语中，特别是在短语lack of the same 中， 如句子It's a question of money，or lack of same。 并且，如果盲目地遵从评论家的禁令，我们将不会听到二次世界大战期间以简洁著称的美国海军军官的无线电口令： 〔Deucalion〕A son of Prometheus who with his wife, Pyrrha, built an ark and floated in it to survive the deluge sent by Zeus. The couple became the ancestors of the renewed human race.杜卡里恩：普罗米修斯的一个儿子，他与妻子琶拉制造了诺亚方舟，并乘着它在宙斯引发的大洪水中逃生。这对夫妇成为现在（更新后的）人类的祖先〔dare〕from Old English dearr [first and third person sing. present indicative of] durran [to venture, dare] * see dhers- 源自 古英语 dearr durran的现在陈述语气动词第一和第三人称单数 [冒险，胆敢] * 参见 dhers- 〔Sippar〕An ancient city of northern Babylonia on the Euphrates River south-southwest of present-day Baghdad. In early times it was a religious center devoted to the worship of the sun god Shamash.锡帕尔：巴比伦北部的一个古城，在幼发拉底河畔，位于现在的巴格达西南偏南。以前该城曾是宗教中心，信奉太阳神夏妈西〔Sheba〕An ancient country of southern Arabia comprising present-day Yemen. Its people colonized Ethiopia in the tenth centuryb.c. and were known for their wealth and commercial prosperity. In the Old Testament, the queen of Sheba made a celebrated visit to King Solomon. 示巴：阿拉伯半岛南部的一个古国，包括现在也门，其居民在公元前 10世纪在埃塞俄比亚开始殖民，并以他们的财富和商业繁荣而著称。在《旧约》中，示巴女王对所罗门国王作了一次著名的访问 〔Hoyerswerda〕A city of east-central Germany north-northeast of Dresden. It was chartered in 1371 and today has a major glassmaking industry. Population, 70,698.霍耶斯违达：德国中东部的城市，位于德罗斯顿东北偏北。它于1371年取得自治权，现在它是一个主要的玻璃制造工业中心。人口70,698〔stover〕est [third person sing. present tense of] esse [to be] * see essence est esse的第三人称单数现在时 [成为] * 参见 essence〔terminate〕a display of fireworks that terminated the festivities.出现在庆祝活动最后的焰火表演〔medium〕The etymologically plural formmedia is often used as a singular to refer to a particular means of communication,as inThis is the most exciting new media since television. This usage is widely regarded as incorrect;medium is preferred. A stronger case can be made in defense of the use ofmedia as a collective term, as inThe media has not shown much interest in covering the issue. As with the analogous wordsdata and agenda, the originally plural form has begun to acquire a sense that departs from that of the singular: used as a collective term,media denotes an industry or community. Thus the example sentence given here would not be appropriately paraphrased asNo medium has shown much interest in covering the issue, which suggests that the disinclination abides in the means of communication itselfrather than in its practitioners.Ifmedia follows the pattern of data and agenda, this singular use may become entirely acceptable someday.But despite its utility,many people still regard it as a grammatical error.语源复数形式media 常用作单数， 用来指传播手段中的某一种，例如在下面这是自电视出现以来最激动人心的新式传媒 的句子中。 许多人都认为这一用法是不正确的；他们还是喜欢用medium 这一单数形式。 我们能提出更为有力的例子来为media 作为集合名词的用法进行辩护， 如下面的句子：大众传媒对于报道这一事件没有表现出多大兴趣 。 正如类似于原为复数形式的其他两个词data 和 agenda 已经开始具有其单数形式的含义： 用作集合名词的media 现在则可以指传播工业或共同体。 这样的话，我们刚才给出的例句就不能改成如下形式：没有传媒对报道这一事件表现出很大兴趣 ， 因为这样改动后，这句话所表示的是传播工具本身的不愿意，而不是业者的不愿意。如果media 也象 data 和 agenda 那样， 那么它作为单数形式的用法总有一天会被完全接受的。但是不管它的实用性大小，许多人仍将其视为一个语法错误〔establishmentarian〕Of, relating to, or supporting the political or social establishment.现有权力结构的，拥有现在权力结构的，现存社会体制的：现有社会或政治结构的，与之相关的或支持它们的〔tomato〕It has been said that the real contributions to world civilization were made by the unknown inhabitants of the Americas who domesticated plants such as the potato and squash and not by the great pre-Columbian civilizations, including that of the Aztecs.The tomato was another contribution,its name coming ultimately from the Nahuatl language spoken by the Aztecs as well as by other groups in Mexico and Central America.The Spanish, who conquered the area, brought back the tomato to Spain and,borrowing the Nahuatl wordtomatl for it, named ittomate, a form shared in French, Portuguese, and early Modern English.Tomate, first recorded in 1604, gave way totomato, a form created in English either because it was assumed to be Spanish or under the influence of the wordpotato. In any case,as is well known,people resisted eating this New World food at first because its membership in the Nightshade family made it suspect,but it is now eaten throughout the worldwhile Aztec civilization is memorialized by ruins.据说对世界文明真正作出贡献的并非是包括阿兹特克文明在内的哥伦布到达前的美洲文明，而是那些家庭种植土豆、南瓜等的不知名的美洲居民。西红柿是其中的另一贡献，它的名字最终的来源是阿兹特克人和其他墨西哥和中美洲居民使用的纳瓦特尔语。征服了该地区的西班牙人把西红柿带回了西班牙，并且借用了纳瓦特尔语的单词tomatl ， 把它称作tomate ， 这个形式为法语、葡萄牙语和早期现代英语所通用。Tomate ，最早记录于1604年， 后来被英语中诞生的一个形式tomato 所取代。 取代的原因可能是因为形式上更象西班牙语或是因为受单词potato 的影响。 不管怎么样，就像我们知道的，由于它属于茄科使它受到怀疑，人们起初拒绝吃它，不过现在全世界的人们都在吃西红柿，而阿兹特克文明都只存在于废墟之中了〔noble〕"a mighty Spanish chestnut, bare now of leaves, but in summer a noble tree"(Richard Jeffries)“一棵巨大的西班牙栗树，现在秃枝枯叶，但夏天非常茂盛威严”(理查德·杰弗里斯)〔Palouse〕A Sahaptin-speaking Native American people formerly inhabiting an area of southeast Washington and northwest Idaho, with present-day descendants in northeast Washington.帕卢斯族：讲萨哈泼丁话的土著美洲人，以前居住在华盛顿州东南与爱达荷州西北，现在他们的后代居住在华盛顿州东北〔Ruse〕A city of northeast Bulgaria on the Danube River south of Bucharest, Romania. Founded as a Roman fortress in the second centurya.d. , it is today a major port and industrial center. Population, 185,000. 鲁塞：保加利亚东北部一城市，位于罗马尼亚布加勒斯特南部多瑙河上。公元前 2世纪作为罗马的要塞建立，现在是主要港口和工业中心。人口185,000 〔work〕I'm at work on a new project now.我现在正忙于一个新工程〔going〕The child is six, going on seven years of age.这个孩子现在六岁，快到七岁了〔Susskind〕American talk-show host and television producer. He appeared onThe David Susskind Show, a popular late-night program. 萨斯金得，戴维：(1920-1987) 美国访谈节目主持人和电视制片人，他曾出现在一个受欢迎的午夜节目《大卫·萨斯金得节目》 中 |
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