| 单词 | 理论认为 |
| 释义 | 〔sylph〕Any of a class of elemental, soulless beings that in the theories of Paracelsus were believed to inhabit the air.气精，气仙：帕拉切尔苏斯理论认为的生活在空气中的强大的、无灵魂的一种精灵〔Reich〕Austrian psychoanalyst who theorized that sexual repression is the source of many psychological and social problems.赖希，威廉：(1897-1957) 奥地利心理分析家，他的理论认为性压抑是许多心理问题和社会问题的根源〔reductionism〕An attempt or a tendency to explain complex phenomena or structures by relatively simple principles, as by asserting that life processes or mental acts are instances of chemical and physical laws:简化论：用相对简单的原理解释复杂现象或结构的企图或趋势，这种理论认为生命过程或思维活动是遵循物理和化学法则的：〔Freud〕Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis who theorized that the symptoms of hysterical patients represent forgotten and unresolved infantile psychosexual conflicts. His psychoanalytic theories, which initially met with hostility, profoundly influenced 20th-century thought.弗洛伊德，西格蒙德：(1856-1939) 奥地利医生，心理分析的创始人，他建立的理论认为歇斯底里病人的症状显示为健忘和无法克服的幼稚的性心理矛盾。他的心理分析理论开始遭受歧视，但后来深刻影响了20世纪的思想〔limerick〕Etymologies can sometimes be a bit disappointing,as, for example,when one is told thatlimerick is named after a city or county in Ireland without being told why it is so named.Unfortunately, we run into a difficulty here that is not uncommonly faced by etymologists,namely, that no one is precisely sure why this piece of humorous verse was so named.One theory is that it was named for a group of poets who wrote in Limerick in the 18th century;another, that it came from a custom at parties of making up a nonsense verse and following it with a chorus of "Will you come up to Limerick.”In any case,the first limericks appeared in books published in 1820 and 1821,and the form was popularized by Edward Lear in a collection published in 1846.The word itself, however, is not recorded until 1896.Let us sum up by saying:"There once was a verse form named limerick./No one can account for the name of it./Some think from a game/Or from poets it came./If you know please come up to Limerick.”查看词源学后会经常令我们失望，这是因为，比如，当某人得知limerick 是由爱尔兰的一城市（或一个郡的）名字而来， 却并不告知这样命名的原因。不幸的是，我们碰到了一个词源学家经常遇到的难题，那就是，没有一个人能确定为什么这种幽默的诗歌这样命名。一种理论认为它是源于18世纪在利默里克写作的一群诗人；还有一种看法认为它是源于一种集会上的风俗，这种风俗要求写完一毫无意义的诗后众人合唱“你将去利默里克吗”。不管怎样，1820年和1821年出版的这种五行打油诗集子广为流传，爱德华·利尔于1846年出版的集子使这种形式得到普及。但是，这个单词直到1896年才有记载。我们可以通过这么说来总结：“曾经有种诗的形式名叫利默里克。/但没有人能解释它的名字。/有人认为源于一种游戏/或源于一群诗人。/如果你知道就到利默里克来。”〔holism〕The theory that living matter or reality is made up of organic or unified wholes that are greater than the simple sum of their parts.整体论：该理论认为有机体或统一的整体构成的全体要大于各部分单纯相加的和〔McDougall〕British-born American psychologist who theorized that human behavior is determined by both instinctive and intentional strivings.麦克杜格安，威廉：(1871-1938) 英裔美国心理学家，他的理论认为人类的行为是由本能的和有意识的奋斗共同决定的〔utilitarianism〕The ethical theory proposed by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill that all action should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.功利主义：一种杰里米·边沁和詹姆斯·穆勒提出的伦理学理论，这种理论认为所有行动须为最大多数人获得最大幸福 |
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