| 单词 | 琼斯 |
| 释义 | 〔refer〕It is sometimes believed that the phraserefer back is redundant, since the prefixre- means "back,” but the objection is misplaced.In fact, an expression can refer either to something that has already been mentionedor to something that is yet to be mentioned,and the distinction betweenrefer back and refer ahead may thus be required for clarification. For example, the sentenceJones promised that if he was elected to the council, Harris would be made the council president is ambiguous, because the pronounhe may either refer back or refer ahead. See Usage Note at allude ,redundancy 人们有时认为短语refer back 是重复的， 因为前缀re- 意为“过去的，后面的”， 但这一异议是错误的。事实上，一种表达方法可以指已经提到的东西，也可以指即将提到的东西，所以refer back 和 refer ahead 之间的区别可能会要求进行区分。 例如句子琼斯保证如果他被选进委员会，哈里斯将被选为委员会主席 是不明确的， 因为代词他 可以指后面的，也可以指前面的 参见 allude,redundancy〔pessimism〕"We have seen too much defeatism, too much pessimism, too much of a negative approach"(Margo Jones)“我们看到太多的失败主义、太多的悲观主义和太多的负面倾向”(玛格·琼斯)〔lite〕"lite music, shimmering on the surface and squishy soft at the core"(Mother Jones)“轻音乐，表面闪闪发光而实质绵软”(琼斯妈妈)〔Jones〕American educator and writer. His many books on American society includeO Strange New World, which won a Pulitzer Prize in 1965. 琼斯，霍华德·芒福德：(1892-1980) 美国教育家、作家。他著有许多关于美国社会的书，其中包括《噢，奇异的新世界》 （此书获1965年普利策奖） 〔Robeson〕American singer and actor who played the lead roles inOthello and in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones and sang "Ol' Man River" in Showboat . He was an outspoken critic of racism and a supporter of socialism. 罗伯逊，保罗·布斯迪尔：(1898-1976) 美国歌唱家和演员，他在《奥赛罗》 和尤金·奥尼尔的 《琼斯皇帝》 中扮演主角及在 《演艺船》 中演唱“老人河”一歌，他是公开批评种族主义的人，也是社会主义的支持者 〔appreciate〕"They seek out the Salish Indian woman for the wisdom of her 86 years, and to learn the traditions she cherishes" (Tamara Jones). “他们因其八十六年来所积累的智慧，而把这个印第安萨利希妇女找来，想了解她所珍视的传统” （塔玛拉·琼斯）〔heroine〕The wordhero should no longer be regarded as restricted to men in the sense "a person noted for courageous action,”thoughheroine is always restricted to women. The distinction betweenheroine and hero is still useful, however, in referring to the principal character of a fictional work, in as much as the virtues and qualities that become a traditional literary heroine like Elizabeth Bennet or Isabel Archer are generally quite different from those that become a traditional literary hero like Tom Jones or Huckleberry Finn.单词hero 不应该仅限于指男人， 因为它有“因勇敢行为而出名的人”的意思，尽管heroine 仅用于女人。 heroine 与 hero 之间的区别用于区分虚构的作品中的主要人物仍然有用， 因象伊丽莎白·贝内特或伊莎贝拉·阿彻这样的传统文学上的女主角与象汤姆·琼斯或哈克贝利·费恩这样的传统的文学上的男主角的美德与品质，一般说来，有很大不同〔Wharton〕American writer whose works include subtle satires on New York society, such asThe House of Mirth (1905), and the short, tragic novel Ethan Frome (1911). 华顿，埃迪斯·纽博尔德·琼斯：(1862-1937) 美国作家，其作品含有对纽约社会的微妙讽刺，如《欢乐之家》 （1905年），及悲剧性短篇小说 《伊坦·弗洛美》 （1911年） 〔Jones〕English architect who brought the Palladian classical style to England. He designed the Queen's House in Greenwich and the Banqueting Hall in Whitehall, London.琼斯，伊尼戈：(1573-1652) 英国建筑师，曾把帕拉弟奥古典主义风格带到英国。他设计了格林尼治的女王行宫及伦敦怀特霍尔宴会厅〔Mister〕Mr. Jones; Mr. Secretary.琼斯先生；秘书先生〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔Jones〕American locomotive engineer who died trying to stop his train from crashing into another train. A friend wrote "The Ballad of Casey Jones,” a popular song about his heroic death.琼斯，约翰·卢瑟：(1864-1900) 美国火车司机，因努力使火车避免与另一辆火车相撞而死亡。他的一个朋友写了《凯西·琼斯之歌》，这是一首关于他舍生救人故事的流行歌曲〔replace〕"The rivaling poor Jones, and supplanting him in her affections, added another spur to his pursuit" (Henry Fielding).The term does not, however, invariably have this connotation: “对抗的可怜的琼斯，以及用她的影响取代他的位置的举动进一步刺激了他的追求” （亨利·费尔汀）。然而，这个词语并不是一成不变地只有这个涵义： 〔Soong〕Chinese family includingCharles Jones Soong (died 1927), a Methodist missionary, and his son T.V. Soong (1894-1971), who was premier of the Nationalist government (1944-1947). His sister Soong Ch'ing-ling (1892-1981) married Sun Yat-Sen, and their younger sister Soong Mei-ling (born c. 1897) married Chiang Kai-Shek. 宋氏家族：中国的一个家族，包括查尔斯·琼斯·宋 （死于1927年），他是卫理公会的传教士和他的儿子 宋子文 （1894年至1971年），他是国民党政府的"总理"（1944年—1947年）。他的姐姐 宋庆龄 （1892年至1981年）嫁给了孙中山，他们的妹妹 宋美龄 （生于1897年）嫁给了蒋介石 〔get〕The use ofget in the passive, as inWe got sunburned at the beach, is generally avoided in formal writing.In less formal contexts, however,the construction does provide a useful distinction in attributing a more active role to its subject than would the corresponding passive withbe. Thus if Jones has committed a flagrant breach of law in order to test a particular statute,the situation might best be described by the sentenceJones got arrested by the police; whereas if Jones did nothing to provoke the police action,the sentenceJones was arrested by the police would be preferred. 在被动语态使用get ， 如我们在海滩上晒黑了 ， 渐渐在正式写作中避免。但在非正式上下文中，这个结构为使其比相应被动形式be 给予其主语更为主动的角色提供了极为有用的区别。 因此，如果琼斯为了验证特殊法律条文而严重违犯了某法律，最好用以下句子来描绘Jones got arrested by the police， 但如果琼斯没有反抗警察的行为，句子Jones was arrested by the police 比较合宜 〔Jones〕Scottish-born American naval officer. In the American Revolution he raided the British coast and destroyed two warships (1779).琼斯，约翰·保罗：(1747-1792) 苏格兰裔的美国海军军官。在美国独立战争中，他曾袭击英国海岸并摧毁两艘军舰(1779年）〔protagonist〕Theprotagonist of a Greek drama was its leading actor, of whom there could be but one in any play.This is an etymological nicety that many modern writers continue to observe when using the word to refer to the main character of a drama or other fiction.Thus when the members of the Usage Panel were asked "How many protagonists are there inOthello ?” the great majority answered "One"and offered substitutes such asantagonist, villain, principal, and deuteragonist to describe Desdemona and Iago. But there is reputable precedent from the 17th century on for usingprotagonist to mean simply "important actor" or "principal party,”with no implication of uniqueness,as inThere are three protagonists in this sluggish novel. Smith and Jones were the protagonists in the struggle over the future of the computer company. Thus, while some writers may prefer to confine the word to a singular sense in their own usage,it is pedantic to insist that the looser use is incorrect. ·The use ofprotagonist to refer to a proponent has become common only in the 20th century and may have been influenced by a misconception that the first syllable of the word represents the prefixpro-, "favoring.” In sentences such asHe was an early protagonist of nuclear power, this use is likely to strike many readers as an errorand can usually be replaced byadvocate or proponent with no loss of sense.希腊戏剧的protagnist 是主角， 且在任何戏剧中仅有一个主角。许多现代作家在用这个词时都注意使它指代戏剧或其他小说的主要人物，因此当用法专题小组成员被问及“在奥赛罗 里有几个主要人物?”时， 大部分人回答“一个”，而且用如antagonist、villain、principal 和 deuteragonist 等词来描述苔丝德蒙娜和雅各。 但是从十七进纪开始，有一个使用protagonist 的规范惯例， 仅表示“重要的演员”或“首要的政党”，而丝毫没有独一无二的暗示，象在句子在这部文风拖沓的小说中有三个人物。 史密斯和琼斯是为计算公司的未来而奋斗的主角中一样。 因此，当某些作家可能在他们自己的用法中偏于把这个词限制在一个简单的含义中时，仍强调自由用法不正确就是卖弄学问的了。用protagonist 来指代建议者或支持者仅在20世纪开始变得常见， 而且被对于代表意为“支持的”前缀pro- 的该词第一个音节的误解所影响。 在句子他是核武力的早期支持者 中， 这种用法可能会使读者认为是个错误，而且常被advocate 或 proponent 所替代， 同时也不会有任何意思的遗漏〔Jones〕Irish-born American labor leader and union organizer. She helped found (1905) the Industrial Workers of the World.琼斯，玛丽·哈里斯：(1830-1930) 爱尔兰裔的美国劳工领袖、工会组织者。她在1905年帮助创建了“世界产业工人协会”〔Tilden〕American politician. The Democratic presidential nominee in 1876, he won the popular election but lost the presidency in an electoral college controversy that was settled by a Senate committee in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes.狄尔登，塞缪尔·琼斯：(1814-1886) 美国政治家，1876年民主党总统候选人，他赢得了公众支持率选举，但在竞选论战中失败而失去总统宝座，一个支持拉瑟福德·B·海斯的参议员委员会平息了这场论战〔Jones〕American golfer who won (1930) the Grand Slam of golf, the amateur and open championships in the United States and Great Britain.琼斯，罗伯特·提尔：(1902-1971) 美国高尔夫球运动员，1930年在高尔夫球联赛中获大满贯全胜，是美国及英国的业余高尔夫球锦标赛及公开赛冠车〔Jones〕American Quaker philosopher who helped found (1917) the American Friends Service Committee.琼斯，鲁富斯·马修：(1863-1948) 美国贵格会哲学家，于1917年帮助创建了“美国友爱服务委员会”〔Fielding〕British writer whose works include the novelsJoseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749). He also wrote comedies for the stage and edited a number of periodicals. 菲尔丁，亨利：(1707-1754) 英国作家，其作品包括小说《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》 （1742年）和 《汤姆·琼斯》 （1749年）。他还为舞台演出写喜剧剧本并编辑过几本期刊杂志 |
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