| 单词 | 瑞典语 |
| 释义 | 〔ballast〕Perhaps from Old Swedish 可能源自 古瑞典语 〔glogg〕Swedish glögg 瑞典语 glögg 〔calcspar〕kalk [lime] from Old Swedish kalker from Middle Low German kalk from Latin calx calc- [lime] * see calx kalk [石灰] 源自 古瑞典语 kalker 源自 中古低地德语 kalk 源自 拉丁语 calx calc- [石灰] * 参见 calx〔dangle〕or Swedish dangla 或 瑞典语 dangla 〔scrimp〕[Perhaps of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Swedish skrympa [to shrink] [可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语的] ；类似于 瑞典语 skrympa [畏缩] 〔trillium〕probably from Swedish trilling [triplet (from its three leaves)] 可能源自 瑞典语 trilling [三个一组（来源于它的三片叶子）] 〔penni〕possibly from Swedish penning 可能源自 瑞典语 penning 〔kraft〕kraft from Old Swedish krapt kraft 源自 古瑞典语 krapt 〔markka〕from Swedish mark [a mark of money] * see merg- 源自 瑞典语 mark [货币的标记符] * 参见 merg- 〔snug〕[Of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Swedish snygg [neat, trim] [来源于期堪的那维亚语] ；类似于 瑞典语 snygg [整洁的，整齐的] 〔ombudsman〕The wordombudsman looks as if its constituents would be familiar, judging from the element man, but it is difficult to think of whatombuds could mean. Ombudsman is from Swedish, a Germanic language in the same family as English, andman in Swedish corresponds to our word man. Ombud means "commissioner, agent,” coming from Old Norseumbodh, "charge, commission, administration by a delegacy,” umbodh being made up of um, "regarding,” and bodh, "command.” In Old Norse anumbodhsmadhr was a "trusty manager, commissary.” In Swedishanombudsman was a deputy who looked after the interests and legal affairs of a group such as a trade union or business. In 1809 the office ofriksdagens justitieombudsman was created to act as an agent of justice, that is, to see after the interests of justice in affairs between the government and its citizens.This office of ombudsman and the wordombudsman have been adopted elsewhere, as in individual states in the United States.The term has also been expanded in senseto include people who perform the same function for business corporations or newspapers.从ombudsman 这个词的 man 这一组成部分看，它的构成似乎很眼熟， 但接下去就很难令人想起ombuds 到底是什么意思了。 Ombudsman 这个词源于和英语同属于日耳曼语族的瑞典语， 而man 这个词在瑞典语中的意思恰好和英语中的 man相对应。 Ombud 的意思是“调查团成员，代表”， 源于古斯堪的纳维亚语umbodh， 意为“由代表团负责，调查，管理”， umbodh 是由 um， 即“注视”和 bodh “命令、管理”两部分所构成。 在古斯堪的纳维亚语中，umbodhsmadhr 指一个“值得信任的管理者或代表”。 在瑞典语中，ombudsman 曾指一个管理一个群体如工会、商行的利益和法律事务的人。 1809年成立了司法巡查局 ，它是一司法机构， 即专门管理调查政府和公民之间事务的司法权益。巡检局和ombudsman 这个词也被其它地区采用， 如美国一些个别的州。现在这个名词术语的使用范围比以前更广，还包括在商务或报纸新闻业负有此项职能的人〔dynamite〕The same man who gave us dynamite gave us the Nobel Peace Prize,an irony that was surely not lost on the pacifistic Alfred Nobel himself.It is perhaps less well known that Nobel also contributed the worddynamite. Coined in Swedish in the formdynamit, the word was taken from Greekdunamis, "power,” and the Swedish suffix-it, which corresponds to our suffix-ite used in various scientific fields. Greekdunamis also gave us words such as dynamic and dynamo and itself probably goes back to the verbdunasthai, "to be able,” from which comesdynasty. 正是那个为我们制造炸药的人建立了诺贝尔和平奖，这种反语在阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔，这个和平主义者身上反映出来。而鲜为人知的是诺贝尔还创造了dunamite 这个词。 该词以瑞典语dynamit 形式创造， 取自希腊文dunamis ，意为“力量”， 再加上瑞典语的后缀-it， 相当于英文用于各种科学领域的后缀-ite。 希腊词dunamis 还向我们提供了其他词，如 dynamic 和 dynamo ， 而后者本身可能追源到动词dunasthai ， 由此又产生了dynasty 〔krona〕from Old Swedish krōna 源自 古瑞典语 krōna 〔gauntlet〕In the first and second editions ofThe American Heritage Dictionary Usage Notes explained why the spelling gauntlet is acceptable for bothgauntlet 1 and gauntlet 2. Such has not always been the case.The story ofgauntlet 1, as into throw down the gauntlet, is unexciting: it comes from the Old French wordgantelet, a diminutive of gant, "glove.” From the time of its appearance in Middle English (in a work composed in 1449),the word has been spelled with anau as well as an a, still a possible spelling. But the othergauntlet, as into run the gauntlet, is an alteration of the earlier English formgantlope, which came from the Swedish wordgatlopp, a compound ofgata, "lane,” and lopp, "course.” The earliest recorded form of the English word,found in 1646,isgantelope, showing that alteration of the Swedish word had already occurred. The English word was then influenced by the spelling of the wordgauntlet, "glove,” and in 1676 we find the first recorded instance of the spellinggauntlet for this word, althoughgantelope is found as late as 1836. From then on spellings withau and a are both found. Theau seems to have won out, although one could say that thea is preferable because it reflects the Swedish source.In regard to a word that has been so altered in form,this seems a rather fine point.在第一和第二版的美国经典辞书 的用法说明解释了为什么拼写 gauntlet 是可接受的， 既对于gauntlet 1，又对于 gauntlet 2。 情况并不总是这样。gauntlet 1的故事， 如在拒绝挑战 中并不令人激动： 它来自于一法语老词gantelet ， gant 的小词缀“手套”。 自从它在中古英语出现之后（在1449年编的一著作中），这个词同au 的拼写已同 a 一样仍是可能的拼写形式。 但是另一个gauntlet ， 如在接受挑战 中， 是早期英语形式gantlope 的一个变体， 其来自于一瑞典词gatlopp ， gata “巷子”和 lopp “方向”的组合。 最早的这个英语单词的记录，出现于1646年，是gantelope ，表示这个瑞典单词的变体已出现。 这个英语单词然后被单词gauntlet “手套”的拼写所影响， 在1676年，我们发现了gauntlet 第一个有记录的例子， 尽管gantelope 直到1836年才发现。 此后，带有au 和 a 的拼写形式都被发现过。 au 似乎占优势， 尽管一个人可能说a 更好， 因它反映了瑞典语源。说到一个形式已发生了如此变化的单词，这似乎是个好建议〔aquavit〕Swedish, Danish 瑞典语，丹麦语 〔trillium〕from obsolete Swedish tri [three] 源自 已废瑞典语 tri [三] 〔lingonberry〕Swedish lingon [a kind of berry] 瑞典语 lingon [一种浆果] 〔bunt〕Perhaps from Swedish bunt 可能源自 瑞典语 bunt 〔warble〕[Probably of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to obsolete Swedish varbulde [可能源于斯堪的那维亚语] ；类似于 已废瑞典语 varbulde 〔tin〕The history of the wordtin may take us back to a time before Europe had been settled by speakers of Indo-European languages, such as the Germanic and Celtic languages. Related words for this metal are found in almost all Germanic languages,such as GermanZinn, Swedish tenn, and Old English tin (as in Modern English), but no other Indo-European language family has such a word.The word may have been borrowed into the Germanic languages from a pre-Indo-European language of Western Europe.Such borrowing is supported by the factthat during the Bronze Age the Near East imported most of its tin and copper from Europe, where the metals were produced and metal objects were manufactured.Lest we be too amazed by this accomplishment,we might remember another remarkable achievement of pre-Indo-European society, the construction of huge megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge.单词tin 的历史可以把我们带回讲印欧语系语言（如日耳曼和凯尔特语）的民族在欧洲定居以前的那个时代。 在几乎所有的日耳曼语言中都可以找到指称这种金属的相关词，如德语中的zinn ，瑞典语中的 tenn 以及古代英语中的 tin （与现代英语一样）， 但是其它印欧语系语言中都没有这样的一个词。这个词可能是从西欧的前印欧语系语言借入日耳曼语的。这种转借是有据可依的，因为在青铜时代近东地区的大多数锡和铜都是从生产金属和金属器具的欧洲输入的。我们可能对当时欧洲的这种成就感到惊异，但是如果我们想到前印欧语系社会的另一个杰出成就——大型巨石纪念碑，如巨石阵的建造，我们就不会感到那么奇怪了〔cog〕[probably of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Swedish kugg, kugge [可能源自斯堪的纳维亚语] ；类似于 瑞典语 kugg, kugge 〔Finn〕From Swedish Finne 源自 瑞典语 Finne 〔desman〕Short for Swedish desmanråtta [muskrat] 瑞典语 desmanråtta的简写 [麝鼠] 〔zeolite〕Swedish zeolit 瑞典语 zeolit 〔niccolite〕New Latin niccolum [nickel] perhaps from Swedish nickel * see nickel 新拉丁语 niccolum [镍] 可能源自 瑞典语 nickel * 参见 nickel〔sag〕probably of Scandinavian origin ; akin to Swedish sacka [to sink] 可能为斯堪的纳维亚语源 ；类似于 瑞典语 sacka [下沉] 〔dynamite〕Swedish dynamit 瑞典语 dynamit 〔kraft〕Short for Swedish kraftpapper 瑞典语 kraftpapper的简写 〔trillium〕from Old Swedish thrīr * see trei- 源自 古瑞典语 thrīr * 参见 trei- 〔rack〕[probably of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Swedish rak [wreckage] [可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语] ；类似于 瑞典语 rak [残骸] 〔varve〕Swedish varv [layer] 瑞典语 varv [层] 〔lag〕[Probably of Scandinavian origin] ; akin to Swedish lagg * see leu- [可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语] ；类似于 瑞典语 lagg * 参见 leu- 〔Swedish〕Of or relating to Sweden, the Swedes, or their culture or language.瑞典的：属于或关于瑞典的、瑞典人的、瑞典语言的或瑞典文化的〔gauntlet〕gata [lane] from Old Swedish * see ghē- gata [巷子] 源自 古瑞典语 * 参见 ghē- 〔calcspar〕Partial translation of Swedish kalkspat 瑞典语 kalkspat的部分翻译 〔sloyd〕Swedish slöjd [skill, skilled labor] ; akin to Old Norse sl÷gdh [dexterity] * see sleight 瑞典语 slöjd [技巧，熟练的工人] ；类似于 古斯堪的纳维亚语 sl÷gdh [机敏] * 参见 sleight〔orienteering〕Alteration of Swedish orientering 瑞典语 orientering的变化 〔gauntlet〕from Swedish gatlopp 源自 瑞典语 gatlopp 〔os〕Swedish ås [ridge] 瑞典语 ås [脊] 〔bleed〕It seems only common sense thatbleed should be related to blood, but one needs some knowledge of historical linguistics to understand the relationship fully.In prehistoric Common Germanic, the hypothetical predecessor of Germanic languages such as English, German, and Swedish,the word.blōdha-, "blood,” the ancestor of our word blood, is assumed to have existed. From this noun was derived the verb.blōdhjan, "to bleed.” A change of sound then came into play in Old English, that is, thej, pronounced like the y in your, caused the vowelō, pronounced as in go, to become pronounced like the ö in German schön. Later in Old English thisō changed to ē, pronounced like the a in labor, eventually becoming like thee in bee by 1500. By this change, as well as others,.blōdhjan became Modern English bleed. 根据常识bleed 好象应该和 blood 联系在一起， 但要想全面理解这种关系，应具备一些历史语言学的知识。在史前日耳曼共同语，即日耳曼语言（如英语、德语和瑞典语）的假设前任语言中，我们使用的单词blood 源于 blodha- 意为“血”，被认为已经存在了。 从这一名词派生出动词blodhjan， 意为“流血”。 发音的改变出现于古英语中，即j， 发音与 your 中的 y 相似， 引起go 中的元音 ō 变得如德语 schon 中的 ö 。 后来在古英语中ō 变为 ē， 发音如 labor 中的 a， 最后在1500年前变得如bee 中的 e 。 通过这种变化，以及其他变化，blodhjan 成为了现代英语的 bleed |
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