| 单词 | 生动 |
| 释义 | 〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔graphic〕Described in vivid detail.生动细致地描写的〔picture〕a Shakespearean picture of guilt.莎士比亚对罪恶的生动描写〔Donatello〕Italian sculptor renowned as a pioneer of the Renaissance style with his natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statueDavid. 多那太罗：意大利雕塑家，是文艺复兴风格的先驱者，以其生动自然、形象逼真的人物像著名，代表作有青铜雕像《大卫象》 〔Gibran〕Syrian-born American mystic poet and painter best known forThe Prophet (1923), a vivid description of his philosophy of redemption through love. 纪伯伦，（吉布兰）卡里尔：(1883-1931) 叙利亚裔的美国神秘主义诗人和画家，以其《预言者》 （1923年）最著名，是通过爱来赎罪的对于其哲学的生动描写 〔Conti〕Italian merchant and traveler who left vivid accounts of his 30-year exploration of southern Asia.笛昆蒂，尼克尔德：(15世纪) 意大利商人及旅行家，他写有关于自己在南亚30年探险生活的生动记述〔go〕Go has long been used to describe the production of nonlinguistic noises, as inThe train went "toot.” The cow goes "moo.” In recent years, however,younger speakers have extended this use ofgo to the report of speech, as inThen he goes, "You think you're real smart, don't you.” For speakers young enough to get away with it,this usage serves a useful purpose in informal spoken narrative as an explicit indicator of a direct quotation, particularly when the speaker wishes to mimic the accent or intonation of the original spoken source.Largely restricted to the "narrative present" used in vivid description,it is highly inappropriate in formal speech or writing.Go 很久以来用来描述非语言学上的发声， 如在火车发出“突突”声， 牛“哞哞”地叫。 然而，近些年来，年轻的演讲者把go 的这一用法运用到演讲报告中去了， 如在接着他说道，“你认为你 的确 聪明，是吗？” 。 由于年轻人太年轻了而被人们忽视了这一误用，这一用法在非正式口语中作为直接引语的明显的指示词起到十分有益的作用，尤其在说话者想模仿原口语材料的重音或语调时，这一作用更明显。主要用于生动形象的“描述”里，限于陈述句现在时中，在正式的演讲或书面语中十分不适用〔tableau〕A vivid or graphic description:生动或传神的描述：〔picture〕He pictured her heroism in glowing language.See Synonyms at represent 他生动地描述了她的英雄事迹 参见 represent〔picture〕A vivid mental image.心中的生动意象〔piece〕"They are lively and well-plotted pieces, both in prose"(Tucker Brooke)“这两部作品在叙述上都是很生动且情节精采的作品”(塔克·布鲁克)〔personify〕"To make history or psychology alive I personify it"(Anaïs Nin)“我将历史或心理人格化，使得它具体生动起来”(阿奈斯·尼恩)〔Williams〕American poet whose verse is marked by a lucid, spare style and vivid observations of the everyday. His works includeCollected Poems (1934) and Paterson (1946-1958). 威廉斯，威廉·卡洛斯：(1883-1963) 美国诗人，他的诗具有明了易懂和不加渲染的风格，对于日常琐事观察生动。他的作品包括《诗集》 (1934年）和 《佩德森》 (1946-1958年） 〔burn〕To be vividly or painfully present:涌现，浮现：生动或痛苦地存在：〔picture〕To describe vividly in words; make a verbal picture of:描述：生动地用语言描绘；制成一幅生动的画：〔skit〕A short, usually comic dramatic performance or work; a theatrical sketch.讽剌短文或短剧：通常指喜剧性的生动短小的表演或作品；戏剧滑稽短剧〔tableau〕The movie was a tableau of a soldier's life.这部电影的画面生动地描绘了军人的生活〔slang〕A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚语：主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果〔imagery〕The use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas.比喻：使用生动或富含比喻的语言描绘物品、行动或思想〔eloquent〕Vividly or movingly expressive:富于表情的：生动感人地表达的：〔counterfactual〕"Cold war historiography vividly illustrates how the selection of the counterfactual question to be asked generally anticipates the desired answer"(Timothy Garton Ash)“冷战史学著作生动地描述了被选出作答的与事实相悖的问题是如何总是期待着满意的回答的”(提摩太·加顿·阿什)〔Adams〕First Lady of the United States (1797-1801) as the wife of President John Adams. Her letters to her husband provide a vivid picture of life in colonial Massachusetts.亚当斯，艾比盖尔·史密斯：(1744-1818) 美国的第一夫人（1797-1801年），约翰·亚当斯总统的夫人。她写给丈夫的信生动地描绘了殖民时期马萨诸塞州人民的生活〔image〕To describe, especially so vividly as to evoke a mental picture of.描绘：生动地描绘，在人们脑海中造成印像〔Burton〕English cleric and writer known chiefly for hisAnatomy of Melancholy (1621), a treatise on the causes, symptoms, and cure of melancholy that ranges far afield in its lively depiction of everyday life. 伯顿，罗伯特：(1577-1640) 英国牧师和作家，尤以其作品《忧郁的剖析》 （1621年）而闻名，这部作品是一部关于忧郁的起因、症状和治疗的论文，其对日常生活的生动描写涉及领域很广 〔impress〕To produce or attempt to produce a vivid impression or image of:印入脑海，留下印象：产生或试图产生…的生动印象或形象：〔vivace〕In a lively or vivacious manner. Used chiefly as a direction.活泼的（地）：用生动或活泼的方式。主要用作演唱演奏指示〔Rossetti〕British poet and painter. A founder (1848) of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, he is known for his portraits and his vividly detailed, mystic poems, including "The Blessed Damozel" (1850). His sisterChristina Georgina Rossetti (1830-1894) wrote lyrical religious works and ballads, such as "Up-Hill" (1861). 罗塞蒂，但丁·加布里埃尔：(1828-1882) 英国诗人和画家，是先拉斐尔兄弟会的创建人之一(1848年），以其肖像画及“神女”(1850年）等细节生动和神秘的诗篇而出名。他的妹妹克里斯蒂娜·乔治娜·罗塞蒂 (1830-1894年）写了许多如"Up-Hill"(1861年）等富于宗教感的抒情诗和民谣 〔Shirer〕American journalist and historian known for his vivid radio broadcasts from Berlin at the outset of World War II and for the popular historyThe Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960). 希勒，威廉·劳伦斯：(生于 1904) 美国记者和历史学家，以其在二次世界大战开始时从柏林发回的生动广播节目和他的通俗历史著作《第三帝国的兴亡》 （1960年）而闻名 〔set〕To lay out systematically and graphically:生动形象地摆出：〔picture〕A vivid or realistic verbal description:生动或现实的描写：〔draw〕draws moving scenes of ghetto life.生动地描写了贫民窟生活的片断〔pepper〕To make (a speech, for example) lively and vivid with wit or invective.使生动活泼：使（例如演说）因睿智或猛烈抨击而生动〔powerful〕In the upper southern United States the wordspowerful and mighty are intensives used frequently like the adverb very : Your boy's grown powerful big.The new baby is mighty purty.Powerfulis used as an adjective in some expressions: The storm did a powerful lot of harm. In the same dialect regionthe nounpower has, in addition to its standard meaning, the sense of "a large number or amount.”This sense appears in theOxford English Dictionary as common in dialectal British English of the 18th and 19th centuries: "It has done a power of work" (Charles Dickens).All these derivative senses ofpower and might take advantage of the notion of strength inherent in these nouns, making them natural intensives. Colloquial English is always on the lookout for ways to make language more vivid with new intensives.We think of the upper southern part of the United States as linguistically conservative,but in fact it has preserved uses ofpower, powerful, and mighty that were innovative in their time. 在美国中南部powerful 及 mighty 这两个词用作强调词并与 very 一样用得很频繁： 你的儿子已长得很大了。新生儿非常干净。Powerful在有些表达中还用作形容词： 这暴风造成巨大灾害。 在同一方言区中，名词power 除了具有标准含义外， 还有“大的数字或数量”之意。该意义出现在牛津英语词典 中， 在18世纪及19世纪的英国英语方言中使用也十分普遍： “它已做了大量工作” （查尔斯·狄更斯）。所有power 及 might 的这些衍生意义都利用两个名词本身力量的含义而使它们成为强调词。 英语口语一直在寻求途径以运用新的强调词，使语言变得更为生动。我们认为美国中南部在语言的使用上是很保守的，但事实上，这部分地区却保留了在当时十分创新的power，powerful 及 mighty 的用法 |
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