| 单词 | 用法 |
| 释义 | 〔data〕where the singularity ofdata is implicit in the use of the quantifier very little (contrast the oddness ofWe have very little facts on the efficacy of such programs ). 在这里，data 的单数无保留地用在量词 very little很少 中 （和特例我们对这一项目的效力上，几乎没有多少事实 用法相反） 〔methodology〕Methodology can properly refer to the theoretical analysis of the methods appropriate to a field of study or to the body of methods and principles particular to a branch of knowledge.In this sense,one may speak ofobjections to the methodology of a geographic survey (i.e., objections dealing with the appropriateness of the methods used) or of themethodology of modern cognitive psychology (i.e., the principles and practices that underlie research in the field). In recent years, however,methodology has been increasingly used as a pretentious substitute for method in scientific and technical contexts, as inThe oil company has not yet decided on a methodology for restoring the beaches. This usage may have been fostered in part by the tendency to use the adjectivemethodological to mean "pertaining to methods,” in as much as the regularly formed adjectivemethodical has been preempted to mean "orderly, systematic.” But the misuse ofmethodology obscures an important conceptual distinction between the tools of scientific investigation (properly methods ) and the principles that determine how such tools are deployed and interpreted—a distinction that the scientific and scholarly communities, if not the wider public,should be expected to maintain.Methodology 可指对一个学科的研究方法进行的理论分析， 也可指一个学科特有的一整套方法与步骤。在这种意义上，人们可以说对于一个地理调查所用方法提出的异议 （即，关于所用方法是否适当所提的异议）， 也可以说现代认知心理学的研究方法 （即，形成一门学科的研究基础的原则和方法）。 然而，近些年来，在科学、技术语境中，methodology 越来越多地被用做颇带炫耀夸张色彩的 method 的替换词， 如说石油公司尚未决定恢复海滩环境的方法。 这种用法可能部分地起因于用形容词methodological 来表示“与方法有关的”意思的倾向， 因为用常规方法构成的形容词methodical 已先行意味着“有序的，有系统的”。 但是methodology 的这种错误用法模糊了一个重要的概念区分，那就是科学研究的方法（正确的说法应是 methods )和决定这些方法如何运用和阐释的原则之间的区分——这个区分， 如果不为更多的大众所认识，至少应为科学和学者圈子所坚持〔farther〕Farther and further have been used interchangeably by many writers since the Middle English period. According to a rule of relatively recent origin, however,farther should be reserved for physical distance andfurther for advancement along a nonphysical dimension. Thus 74 percent of the Usage Panel prefersfarther in the sentence If you are planning to drive any farther than Ukiah, you'd better carry chains; whereas 64 percent prefersfurther in the sentence We won't be able to answer these questions until we are further along in our research. In many cases, however, the distinction is not easy to draw.If we may speak metaphorically ofa statement that is far from the truth, for example, the analogous use offarther should be allowed in a sentence such as Nothing could be farther from the truth, though Nothing could be further from the truth is also justifiable. Farther 和 further 自从英国中世纪以来被许多作家交替使用。 然而，根据比较近的起源的法则，farther 应被用于实际距离， 而further 用于沿着非实际范围的前进。 因此用法专题使用小组中74％的成员喜欢将farther 置于句子 如果你计划开到比尤凯亚更远的地方，你最好带上链子 中； 而64%的成员则将further 用于句子 在调查取得更深入的进展前，我们不能回答这些问题 中。 然而，在许多例子中，方向很难把握。如果用此喻来陈述不符合事实的情况 ， 例如，farther 的类似用法允许用于句子， 如Nothing could be farther from the truth, 而Notting could be futher from the truth 也是对的 〔Yankeeism〕A Yankee custom, characteristic, usage, or pronunciation.美国作风：美国式风俗、特性、用法或发音〔hegemony〕Hegemony may be stressed on either the second or first syllable, though 72 percent of the Usage Panel prefers the first pronunciation. Hegemony 这个词的发音，尽管用法专题使用小组的72%成员认为重音应放在第二个音节上，但实际上重音放在第一个或第二个音节上都是可以的 〔pan〕"But Dr. Brett cautioned that what sounds exciting from the Moon does not always pan out in the laboratory"(London Daily Telegraph, December 14, 1972). If Dr. Brett had been talking about hunting for gold on the moon,there would be a solid connection between his use of the expressionpan out and its original use in gold mining. Pan out, like the verb pan itself, comes from the noun pan in the sense "a shallow circular metal vessel used in washing gold from gravel.”The expressionpan out was used in a variety of senses, including "to wash gold-bearing earth in a pan"; "to obtain gold by washing ore in a miner's pan";and with reference to a mine or mineral-bearing soil, "to produce gold or minerals.”From such literal usagespan out was transferred to other situations. In Frederick Whymper'sTravel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska, published in 1868, we are told that “‘It panned out well’ means that ‘it gave good returns.’”All these uses occurred first in American English,making the expression a true Americanism.“可是布莱特博士告诫说来自月球的听起来令人激动的消息并不总会在实验室获得成功”(伦敦每日电讯报 1972年12月14日）。 如果布莱特博士谈论的是关于在月球上寻找金子，那么，在他表达panout 这个用法和这个短语在金矿开采方面的原始用法就会有一种固定的联系。 Pan out 象动词 pan 本身一样来源于名词 pan ， 意思是“一个浅而且圆的金属器皿，用来从矿砂中淘洗金子”。pan out 的表达用在各种意思中， 包括“在淘金盘中淘洗含金的泥土”，“在矿工的淘金盘里淘洗矿砂得到金子”，并且与矿井或含矿土壤有关，“产金子或矿物”。在这样的文学用法中，pan out 被借用于其它情况。 在弗雷德里克·怀姆坡1868年出版的在阿拉斯加旅游历险 中， 我们得知"It panned at well"意思是“得到好的回报”。所有这些用法都首先出现在美国英语中，表达了一种真正的美国主义〔way〕In American Englishways is often used as an equivalent of way in phrases such as a long ways to go. The usage is not incorrectbut is widely regarded as informal.在美国英语中，ways 的用法通常等同于诸如短语 a long way to go 中的 way。 这种用法并非不正确，但被广泛认为是不正式的〔nor〕When the first negative is expressed bynot or never, however, and when the second conjoined element is a verb phrase,the use ofnor is often optional: 然而当第一个否定词用not 或 never 表达， 且当第二个连结部分是动词短语时，nor 的用法通常可选择： 〔intrigue〕The introduction of the verbintrigue to mean "to arouse the interest or curiosity of" was initially resisted by writerson usage as an unneeded French substitute for available English words such asinterest, fascinate, or puzzle, but it now appears to be well established.Seventy-eight percent of the Usage Panel accepts it in the sentenceThe special-quota idea intrigues some legislators, who have asked a Washington think tank to evaluate it, whereas only 52 percent accepted it in a 1968 survey.意为“激起…的兴趣或好奇心”的动词intrigue 的引入， 最初遭到作家们的抵制，他们认为在用法上没有必要用法语词代替现成的英语词汇，例如interest，fascinate 或者 puzzle， 但是现在它已经被普遍认可。用法专题小组百分之七十八的成员认同它存在于句子特殊配额的意见吸引了一些立法者，他们要求华盛顿智囊团对此进行评价 中， 而在1986年的调查中只有百分之五十二的人同意〔very〕 as well as by other syntactic criteria.But the status of other participles is still in flux.Some speakers accept phrases such asvery appreciated, very astonished, or very heartened, while others prefer alternatives usingvery much. What is more, some participles allow treatment as adjectives in one sense but not another:one may speak ofa very inflated reputation, for example, but not, ordinarily, of a very inflated balloon. As a result, there is no sure way to tell which participles may be modified by a barevery —syntactic tests such as the use of the participle as an attributive adjective will themselves yield different judgments for different speakers—and writers must trust their ears.When in doubt, the use ofvery much is generally the safer alternative. 也可以由其它句法标准衡量。但是其它分词的位置还仍旧在变动，一些人同意例如very appreciated, very astonished（非常欣赏的，非常惊讶的） 或者 very heartened（极受鼓舞的） 这样的词组， 而另一些人喜欢选择使very much （非常的） 这种用法。 另外，有些分词允许在某些意义上用作形容词，但不能用在其它意义上：例如一个人可以说a very inflated reputation（很好的名誉） ，但一般不说 a very inflated balloon（很鼓的气球）。 这样一来，就很难辨别哪一个分词能只用very 修饰——句法测验， 例如作为一个定语形容词的分词用法，对于不同的说话者能产生不同的判断——作者必须相信他们的耳朵。当有疑问时，very much 的用法通常是一个比较安全的选择 〔about〕 A majority of the Usage Panel considers this usage acceptable in speech but not in formal writing. ·About is traditionally used to refer to the relation between a narrative and its subject: 用法小组大部分人员都认为在口语中可这样用，但在正式书面语中却不行。About 传统上用来指一叙事与其主题的关系： 〔Xmas〕Xmas has been used for hundreds of years in religious writing, where theX is understood to represent a Greek chi, the first letter of Χριστος, "Christ";in this use it is parallel to other forms likeXtian, "Christian.” But the letterX, or especially x, is nowadays more frequently interpreted as a mathematical variable than as a Greek letter, as indicated by the common pronunciation of the formXmas as (ĕksʹməs). Thus, while the word is etymologically innocent of the charge that it omits Christ from Christmas,it is now generally understood only as an informal shortening.In an earlier survey 88 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the use ofXmas in writing. Xmas 在宗教作品中已用了几百年， X 用来表示希腊字母chi， 是Χριστος的第一个字母，意为“耶稣”；在这种用法中，它与其他形式相似,如Xtian, “教会的”。 但是字母X， 尤其是 x， 现在更常见的是当作数学变量，而不是希腊字母， 因为该符号Xmas 发音已普遍为(ĕksʹməs)。 因此,当这个单词从词源学上把Christ从Christmas中省掉是合乎规则的，现在该词已被广泛看作一个非正式的缩写形式。在早期的调查问卷中，有百分之八十八的用法使用小组成员拒绝在作品中用Xmas 〔plus〕 (compareTwo cows plus two cows makes four cows ). This situation suggests thatplus in these uses should be regarded as a particular kind of conjunction, which joins two elements that are taken together as a single entity,the way the conjunctionand does in a sentence such as Peas and carrots is Sophie's favorite combination. · The usage ofplus in he construction industry has been hurt by the rise in rates. Plus which, bad weather has affected housing starts is not well established in formal writing, nor is the use ofplus introducing an independent clause, as inShe has a great deal of talent, plus she is willing to work hard. （试比较Two cows plus two cows makes four cows )。 这种情况暗示我们plus 在这些用法中应作为特殊的连词来看待， 这种连词联结被视为一整体的两个成分，就象连词and 在 Peas and carrots is Sophie's favorite combination 这样的句子中一样。 Plus 在 建筑业受到了利率提高的损害。 此外，糟糕的天气也影响了房屋的兴建一句中的用法在正式的书面写作中是未被广泛接受的， plus 引导一个独立句的用法亦是如此， 如在她极有天赋，加上她又愿意努力工作。 〔bad〕Bad is often used as an adverb in sentences such asThe house was shaken up pretty bad orWe need water bad. This usage is common in informal speechbut is widely regarded as unacceptable in formal writing.In an earlier survey,the sentenceHis tooth ached so bad he could not sleep was unacceptable to 92 percent of the Usage Panel. · The use ofbadly with want, once considered incorrect,is now entirely acceptable: Bad 在句子中常用作副词， 如这座房子摇晃得很厉害， 或是我们非常需要水。 在非正式演讲中这一用法很普遍，但在正式书面语中广泛地被认为不能接受。在早期的调查中，句子他牙疼得厉害以致睡不着觉。 对于92%的用法小组成员来说是不能接受的。badly 和 want 连用的用法， 曾经被认为是不正确的，现在则完全被接受： 〔ragamuffin〕Perhapsragamuffin should be seen as an example of melioration, or improvement in the sense of a word, since it can now be used rather affectionately of children who are normally far from dirty or unkempt.In any event,even its use for an unkempt child or man represents something of an improvementover one of its earliest uses.Ragamuffin was a name given to a demon in Piers Plowman, an allegorical poem of the 14th century. This name was once thought to be the source of our word,but researches at theMiddle English Dictionary have shown that the word was used as the last name of a woman, Isabella Ragamuffyn, earlier in the 14th century (1344), before the poem was composed.The word even then had the sense "ragged lout, tattered oaf,”though it was found only in names.The elementraga- is probably from the Middle English adjective raggi, "ragged,” also used of the devil in the sense "shaggy" and as a name.The element-muffin is probably from Middle Dutch moffel or muffe, "mitten.” 也许ragamuffin 这个词应该看作词义变良或改善的例子， 因为它现在可以用来充满感情地指那些按常规来说远非肮脏或不整洁的孩子。不论如何，即使它被用来指那些不整洁的孩子或大人的时候，其用法较最初也有了很大提高。Ragamuffin 是14世纪的一部寓言诗 犁者码头 中一个魔鬼的名字。 这个名字一度被认为是本词的来源，但对中世纪英语词典 的研究表明这个词曾在14世纪早期(1344年）用作一位妇女的姓，伊莎贝拉·拉格姆芬， 这早于那首诗创作之前。这个词甚至还曾有衣裳破烂的粗人、褴褛的呆子的意思，尽管此词仅见于姓名。构词成分raga- 可能源自中古英语的形容词 raggi “破烂的”， 也曾以“毛长而参差不齐”这个意思用于魔鬼和人名。构词成分-muffin 可能来自中世纪荷兰语中 moffel 或意为“连指手套”的 muffe 〔practically〕Practically is used unexceptionally in its primary sense of "in a way that is practical.” Its use in the sense "for all practical purposes" is perfectly acceptable.Thus, a person whose liabilities exceed his or her assets may be said to bepractically bankrupt, even though that person has not been legally declared insolvent. By a slight extension of this meaning, however,practically is often used to mean "all but" or "nearly": Practically 最平常、根本的含义就是“通过实用的方式。” 其作为“从实际出发地”这一意思的用法也是完全可接受的。因此，如果某人的债务超出了他或她的财产价值的话，即使还没有在法律上宣告他或她破产，就可以说是实际上已破产了 。 然而将这一意思稍作延伸，practically 就经常用来表示“几乎”或“差不多”的意思： 〔dinner〕Eating foods such as pizza and ice cream for breakfastmay be justified by the fact that in Middle Englishdinner meant "breakfast,” as did the Old French worddisner, or diner, which was the source of our word. The Old French word came from the Vulgar Latin word.disiūnāre, meaning "to break one's fast;that is, to eat one's first meal,” a notion also contained in our wordbreakfast. The Vulgar Latin word was derived from an earlier word,.disiēiūnāre, the Latin elements of which aredis-, denoting reversal, and iēiūnium, "fast.” Middle Englishdiner not only meant "breakfast" but, echoing usage of the Old French worddiner, more commonly meant "the first big meal of the day, usually eaten between 9a.m. and noon.” Customs change, however,and over the yearswe have let the chief meal become the last meal of the day,by which timewe have broken our fast more than once.早餐吃些如比萨饼及冰淇淋的食物，既可以被中古英语dinner 表示早餐的事实所证实， 也可被该词的词源——古法语词disner 或 diner 证实。 该法语单词出自于通俗拉丁语单词disiunare ， 其意思是“打破禁食后吃的第一餐饭”，同时也含有breakfast 的概念。 通俗拉丁字出自于更早的字disieiunare ， 其拉丁文构成部分是dis- 表示反面和 ieiunium “禁食”。 中古英语diner 不仅指“早饭”， 还模仿了古法语diner 的用法， 一般指“一天中的第一次大餐，常常在上午 9点到中午之间吃”。 然而习惯改变了，许多年以来，我们常常把一天中的最后一顿饭当作主餐，从那时起，我们已不止一次地打破了禁食〔care〕It is true that a close examination of the syntax of the phraseI could care less reveals that it ought by rights to mean something like "I care more than I might,” rather than "I don't care at all.” But while the illogicality of a phrase may be reason enough for excluding it from formal writing,this illogicality cannot be invoked as grounds for keeping it out of the colloquial language,particularly when the phrase is itself an expression of casual indifference.See Usage Note at cannot 对短语I could care less 的句法的仔细研究揭示，该短语按理应有类似“我极其在意，甚于我应该做的”的意思，而不表示“我一点儿也不介意”，这一点确凿无疑。 但是，尽管由于一个短语有不合逻辑性的含义，也许这一点足以使其不合逻辑的用法被排除在正式文体之外；这不合逻辑性却不能被援引作为把它排除在口语用法之外的根据，尤其是当该短语本身只是一个非正式的或随意的表达语时 参见 cannot〔ourselves〕Used reflexively as the direct or indirect object of a verb or the object of a preposition:我们自己：用作动词的直接或间接宾语及介词宾语时的反身用法：〔equal〕In the first example, deleteequally; in the second, deleteas. The solution to this usage problem usually involvesusingas alone when a comparison is explicit andequally alone when it is not. See Usage Note at as 1center ,parallel ,perfect ,unique 在第一个例子中，可以删掉equally ； 在第二个例子中，删掉as 。 对这种错误用法的解决方法往往在于：当被比较的事物很明确时，单独使用as ； 当被比较的事物不明确时，单独使用equally 参见 as1center,parallel,perfect,unique〔resent〕When we read the statement "Should we not be monstrously ingratefull if we did not deeply resent such kindness?” (from theSermons of Isaac Barrow, written before 1677), we may be pardoned for momentarily thinking we are in never-never land.For a time ranging roughly from the last part of the 17th century to the second half of the 18th,the wordresent did refer to gratefulness and appreciation as well as injury and insult. Resent has also been used in other senses that seem strange to us, such as "to feel pain" or "to perceive by smell.”The thread that ties the senses together is the notion of feeling or perceiving.The Old French source of our word,resentir, "to feel strongly,” is made up of the prefix re-, acting in this case as an intensive, and sentir, "to feel or perceive.” There is much that one can feel,but at least for now this word has narrowed its focus to a feeling of indignation.当我们读到“假如我们对这种仁慈不深表感激，我们就应该极度地忘恩负义吗”（选自伊萨克·巴罗的启示 ，写于1677年以前）这一叙述时， 我们瞬间地想到我们处于人烟稀少的边远地区就可以得到原谅了。在大致从17世纪后期到18世纪下半期这段时间内，resent 一词确实意指感激和赏识，同时又可以指伤害和侮辱。 Resent 还可以用于在我们看来很古怪的其它意义上， 如“感到痛楚”或“通过气味感知”等。把这些意义联结在一起的线是感觉或感知的概念。该词意为“强烈地感觉”的古法语语源resentir 是由用于加强语气的前缀 re- 以及意为“感觉或感知”的 sentir， 构成的。 可以感觉到的东西很多，但至少现在这个词的重点用法已被集中于愤怒的感觉〔leave〕Leave alone is acceptable as a substitute for let alone in the sense "to refrain from disturbing or interfering.” The following examples were approved by a majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: Leave alone 在用作“防止干搅或干扰”这一意义时，可以替代 let alone 。 在早期进行的用法调查中，大多数人都认可以下的例句： 〔lay〕Lay ("to put, place, or prepare") and lie ("to recline or be situated") are frequently confused. Lay is a transitive verb and takes an object. Lay and its principal parts ( laid, laying ) are correctly used in the following examples: Lay （“放、安置或准备”）和 lie （“躺下或位于”）两词经常被混淆。 Lay 是一及物动词，能接宾语。 在以下的例子中，lay 及它的分词形式（ laid，laying ）在下列句子中的用法是正确的： 〔mill〕Tomill, in Western U.S. English, means "to halt a cattle stampede by turning the lead animals.”In theOxford English Dictionary we find this 19th-century example of the verb: "At last the cattle ran with less energy, and it was presently easy to ‘mill’ them into a circle and to turn them where it seemed most desirable" (Munsey's Magazine).This usage ofmill comes from the resemblance of the cattle's circular motion to the action of millstones. A related intransitive sense of the verb is better known in Standard English: A crowd milled around in the street. Originally this sense ofmill also meant "circular motion"; now it means "to move around in churning confusion"with no pattern in particular.Mill 这个词在美国西部所说的英语中， 意为“通过让领头牲畜绕圈子跑来制止牛群的惊跑”。在牛津英语词典 中， 我们可以找到该动词19世纪用法的例子： “最后牛群终于跑得快没劲儿了，这时候可以容易地驱赶头牛，把其它牛绕进圈子里，然后把它们赶到最合适的地方去” （芒西杂志）。Mill 的这种用法来自牛群绕圈跑与磨石运作的相似之处。 该词作不及物动词时所具有的与此相关的意义在标准英语中更为常见： 一群人在大街上兜圈子。 Mill 的这一含义本来亦指“旋转运动”； 现在它指“在旋涡般的混乱中到处移动”，不再有其它特指〔Jew〕It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the nounJew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both offensive and vulgar. In such contextsJewish is the only acceptable possibility. But some people have become so wary of this constructionthat they have overgeneralized the anathema to any use of the noun,a practice that carries risks of its own.In a sentence such asThere are now several Jews on the council, which is unexceptionable, the substitution of a circumlocution likeJewish people or persons of Jewish background may unwittingly suggest an unwarranted and hence suspect delicacy.通常认为名词Jew 用作定语的用法是无礼的和粗俗的，例如 犹太人律师 或 犹太种族 。 在这样的上下文中，Jewish 是唯一可能被接受的。 但一些人对这种构词方式已变得极为小心，以至他们将针对这个名词任何用法上的厌恶过于一般化，这是一种给这个词带来危险的作法。例这句话在现在的内阁里有一些犹太人 就是无懈可击的， 一种迂回的替换说法象犹太人 或 有犹太背景的人 可以无意之中表明这只是一个未证实的事， 因此只是一种微妙的猜测〔azote〕Used formerly as a name for nitrogen.氨：氮这个名称的以前的用法〔so〕But in the absence of stylistic motive,this use ofso should be reserved for familiar discourse. · New England speakers often use a negative form such asso didn't where other varieties would use the positiveso did, as inSophie ate all her strawberries and so didn't Amelia. Since this usage may confuse a speaker who has not previously encountered it,it is best avoided in writing.See Usage Note at as 1但是在没有独树一帜的动机时，在相同的讲话中，so 应该少用。 新英格兰地区的人常使用如so didn't 这一否定形式， 而其他地区则用肯定的形式so did ， 如在索菲吃了她所有的草莓，亚美利亚没有 中， 由于这种用法可能使以前没有接触过这种用法的人混淆，所以最好还是避免使用 参见 as1〔steeplechase〕[From the use of church steeples as landmarks] [源于教堂尖顶作路标的用法] 〔author〕The verbauthor, which had been out of use for a long period, has been rejuvenated in recent years with the sense "to assume responsibility for the content of a published text.” As such it is not quite synonymous with the verbwrite ; one can write, but not author, a love letter or an unpublished manuscript,and the writer who ghostwrites a book for a celebrity cannot be said to have "authored" the creation. The sentenceHe has authored a dozen books on the subject was unacceptable to 74 percent of the Usage Panel, probably because it implies that the fact of having a book published is worthy of special lexical distinction, a notion that sits poorly with conventional literary sensibilities,and which seems to smack of press agentry.The sentenceThe Senator authored a bill limiting uses of desert lands in California was similarly rejected by 64 percent of the Panel, though here the usage is common journalistic practice,and is perhaps justified by the observation that we do not expect that legislators will actually write the bills to which they attach their names. ·The verbcoauthor is well established in reference to scientific and scholarly publications, where it serves a useful purpose,since the people listed as authors of such works routinely include research collaborators who have played no part in the actual writing of the text,but who are nonetheless entitled to credit for the published results.动词author， 很长一段时间不再使用， 近年来又以“对某一出版作品的内容负有责任”的含义重新起用。因此，它已不完全同动词write 同义； 一个人可以写一封求爱信或未出版的草稿，但不是作者，某一人即使雇人写出一篇杰作也不能说是“创作”了作品。对句子他已就这个论题创作了十二部作品 74%的用法专题小组不能接受， 可能因为它暗示着一个事实，即一本已出版的书一定有特别的词汇意义上区别的价值，这是与传统文学观念不太相容的概念，并带有出版机构的意味。此句参议员提出了一个限制使用加利福尼亚地区沙漠土地的议案 ，同样有64%的用法专题小组成员不能接受， 虽然这里这种用法是新闻界实践的惯用。这恐怕是因为我们并不希望立法人员真的是写作一项议案然后在其上署上他们的名字吧。·动词coauthor 是在科学及学术发表论文的意义上建立的， 这里这个词的使用有一个重要意义，因为创作者名单上列出作为这部作品创作者的人通常包括共同研究人员，既使他们实际上并未参加写作，但不可否认地对出版物的结果做出了贡献〔yourselves〕Used reflexively as the direct or indirect object of a verb or as the object of a preposition:你们自己：反身用法，作为动词直接或间接宾语或介词的宾语：〔ablative〕Of, relating to, or being a grammatical case indicating separation, direction away from, sometimes manner or agency, and the object of certain verbs. It is found in Latin and other Indo-European languages.离格的，夺格的：语法上表示分离、离开，有时亦表示方式或作用及某些动词的宾语的或与之有关的。可以在拉丁文和其他印欧语中发现此种用法〔affirmative〕The expressionsin the affirmative and in the negative, as inShe answered in the affirmative, are generally regarded as pompous. She answered yes would be more acceptable even at the most formal levels of style. 词组in the affirmative（肯定地） 及 in the negative（否定地） ， 如在She answered in the affirmative（她肯定地回答） 中， 通常被认为是夸大其辞的。She answered yes（她答是） 这一用法既使是在最正式的文体中也更易于接受 〔convince〕In an earlier survey, a majority of the Usage Panel held that this distinction should be maintained,but the use ofconvince with an infinitive has become increasingly common even among reputable writers, and it is unlikely that this stricture can be maintained for much longer.在更早的一次调查中，用法专题使用小组成员的大多数人认为这一区别应当保持，但是甚至在知名作家中convince 和不定式连用的用法也已变得日渐普遍起来， 这一限制不可能会保持很久〔vegetable〕When the speaker in Andrew Marvell's "To his Coy Mistress" tells his mistressthat "Had we but world enough, and time . . . /My vegetable love should grow/Vaster than empires and more slow,” he "makes one think of pumpkins and eternity in one breath,”as one critic has playfully suggested.However,vegetable in this case is used figuratively in the sense, "having the property of life and growth, as does a plant.”This use is based on the ancient religious and philosophical notion of the tripartite soul as interpreted by the Scholastics:thevegetative soul common to plants, animals, and humans; thesensitive soul common to animals and humans; and therational soul, found only in humans. “ Vegetable love" in Marvell's poem is thus a love that grows, takes nourishment, and reproduces,although it grows slowly.Marvell's use illustrates the original sense ofvegetable, first recorded in the 15th century.In a work published in 1582 we find recorded for the first time the adjective use ofvegetable familiar to us, "having to do with plants.” In a work of the same date appears the first instance ofvegetable as a noun, meaning "a plant.” It is not until the 18th century that we find the noun and adjective used in the more restricted way associated with the injunction "Eat your vegetables.”当安德鲁·马韦尔的“致他的羞涩情人”一诗中的说话者告诉他的情人 “如果我们有足够的世界和时间…/我的植物一样的爱会生长得/比帝国更广大、更慢”时，他“使人想起了南瓜以及一息之间的永恒，”某个批评家开玩笑似地说。然而，在这个情况下vegetable 是被用于比喻意义上的， 意思是“象植物一样具有生命和生长的性质”。这一用法是基于由经院哲学家所释的三重灵魂的古代宗教和哲学观念之上的：vegetative 的灵魂为植物、动物和人类共有； sensitive 的灵魂为动物和人类共有； 而rational 的灵魂却只存在于人类中。 因此马韦尔诗中的“植物的爱”是一种生长的、吸取营养并繁殖的爱，但是它长得很慢。马韦尔的这一用法指示了vegetable 的原先的含义， 最早记录于15世纪。在一部出版于1582年的作品中，我们第一次找到了已为我们熟悉的vegetable 一词的形容词用法的记录，意思是“与植物有关的”。 在同一时期的另一部作品中，出现了vegetable 作为名词用的第一个例子，意思是“植物”。 直到18世纪，我们才发现该名词和形容词被用于与“吃你的蔬菜”这一命令相关的更受限制的方式中〔craft〕Craft has been used as a verb since the Old English period and was used in Middle English to refer specifically to the artful construction of a text or discourse.In recent years,crafted, the past participle of craft, has enjoyed a vogue as a participle referring to well-wrought writing. This may be a sign that the Jamesian conception of the literary muse has begun to yield to a Trollopian conception of literature as a kind of intellectual handicraft;or it may indicate little more than the desperation with which book reviewers seize on any novel adjective.In any event, the usage is more acceptable when applied to literary works than to other sorts of writing,and more acceptable as a participle than as a verb.It was acceptable to 73 percent of the Usage Panel in the phrasebeautifully crafted prose. By contrast, only 35 percent of the Panel accepted the sentenceThe planners crafted their proposal so as to anticipate the objections of local businesses. Craft 这一词语在古英语时期就被用作动词， 在中古英语中它被用来指某一课文或论述的精巧句法结构。近几年来，crafted 即 craft 这一词的过去分词被广泛用于描述写作佳品。 这可能是詹姆士文学灵感观念开始让位于作为一种智力创作技巧的特罗洛普文学观念的一个信号；或者它也有可能暗示了书评作者们对采用小说修饰语的进一步失望。不管怎样，把它用于指文学作品比用于指其它类型的写作更易被人接受，而用作分词比用作动词更易被人接受。用法专题使用小组中73%的成员认同它在精美构思的散文 这一短语中的用法。 与此相反，只有35%的成员认同它在策划者们制订计划以预防地方商业的阻挠 这一句子中的用法 〔bad〕The adverbbadly is often used as the complement of verbs such as feel, as inI felt badly about the whole affair, where the choice ofbadly as opposed to bad may convey an implication that the distress is emotional, rather than physical.Although the origin of this usage is a matter of dispute,the usage is now widespread and is supported by analogy to the use of other adverbs withfeel (as inWe feel strongly about this issue ). In an earlier survey,a majority of the Usage Panel accepted this use ofbadly in speech, thoughbad is less likely to occasion objections. · Badly is also used in some regions to mean "unwell,” as inHe was looking badly after the accident (comparepoorly, which is also used in this way). In an earlier survey, however, the usage was found unacceptable in formal writing by 75 percent of the Usage Panel.副词badly 常用作动词的补充，如 feel， 在句子我对整个事件感觉很糟 中， 选择badly 作为与 bad 的对立， 可能传达暗示这一压制的感觉是感情上的而不是身体上的。尽管对这一用法的起源有过争议，但现在已很普遍并被其他带动词feel 的类比词所支持， （如我们对这观点的感受很强烈 ）。 在早期调查中，用法小组大多数接受在口语中使用badly ， 尽管bad 相对不会引起异议。 Badly 也被有些地区用来表示“不好”，如在他在事故后看上去很糟 （和poorly 比较，也是同样用法）。 但在早期讨论中，75的用法专门小组成员不接受在正式书面语中使用这种形式〔offense〕The phrasebetween you and I is often considered an offense against proper usage. 短语在你我之间 常常被认为是不合一般规则的用法。 〔doubt〕That is also the usual choice when the truth of the clause following doubt is assumed, as in negative sentences and questions. ThusI never doubted for a minute that I would be rescued implies "I was certain that I would be rescued.” By the same token,Do you doubt that you will be paid? seems to pose a rhetorical question ("Surely you believe that you will be paid"), whereasDo you doubt whether you will be paid? may express a genuine request for information and might be followed bybecause if you do, you should make the client post a bond. In other cases, however, this distinction betweenwhether and that is not always observed, andthat is frequently used as a substitute for whether. If may also be used as a substitute forwhether but is more informal in tone. ·In informal speech the clause followingdoubt is sometimes introduced with but: I don't doubt but (or but what ) he will come. Reputable precedent exists for this construction,as in"I do not doubt but England is at present as polite a Nation as any in the World" (Richard Steele),but modern critics sometimes object to its use in formal writing.See Usage Note at but ,if 在否定句及疑问句中当doubt 后的从句所作陈述被认为是真时，用 that 。 所以我从不怀疑我会被救起 意思就是“我确信我会得救”。 同样你怀疑人家会赖帐吗？ 似乎就成了一个反问句（“你当然相信人家不会赖帐了”）， 而你怀疑人家是否付款吗？ 就表示一个真诚的询问， 可能接下来会说因为如果你怀疑的话，你就该让顾客付保证金 。 在其它情况下，whether 和 that 的区别并不很明显， 而且that 经常用来替代 whether。 If 也经常用来代替whether ， 但是语气不很正式。在非正式语气中doubt 后面的从句有时由 but引导：I don't doubt but （或 but what ) he will come。 这种结构有其先例且属规范用法，如“我不怀疑目前的英格兰象世界上其他国家一样是礼义之邦” （理查德·斯蒂尔），但现代评论家有时反对在正式文体中这样使用 参见 but,if〔we〕When the pronoun is followed by an appositive noun phrase,the formus is frequently encountered where grammatical correctness would require we, as inUs owners (properly We owners ) will have something to say about the contract. Less frequently,we is substituted for us, as inFor we students, it's a no-win situation. Both usages should be avoided.See Usage Note at be ,I 1当代词后跟同位的名词短语时，us 常常被使用，但正确的语法要求使用 we， 如在Us owners （正确的应是 We owners ) will have something to say about the contract（我们这些所有者关于此合同会有些话讲）， we 不太多见被用来代替 us， 如在For we students, it's a no-win situation（对我们学生来说，这是一个决无胜算的情形）。 两种用法都应避免 参见 be,I1〔epithet〕Strictly speaking,an epithet need not be derogatory,but the term is commonly used as a simple synonym for "term of abuse" or "slur,”as in the sentenceThere is no place for racial epithets in a police officer's vocabulary. This usage is accepted by 80 percent of the Usage Panel.严格来讲，绰号不应是贬义的，但此词一般用作“骂人的称呼”或“污辱”的同义词，如在下句中在一名警官的词汇中不应有粗俗的话。 这种用法被用法使用小组百分之八十的人接受 |
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