| 单词 | 男孩 |
| 释义 | 〔out〕The boy went out to play.这个男孩到外面去玩〔mealy〕"I only know two sorts of boys. Mealy boys, and beef-faced boys"(Charles Dickens)“我只知道两种男孩，脸色苍白的和胖得满脸横肉的”(查尔斯·狄更斯)〔knave〕from Old English cnafa [boy, male servant] 源自 古英语 cnafa [男孩，男仆] 〔chap〕A man or boy; a fellow.男人或男孩；家伙〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔write〕"The man was no more than the boy writ large"(George Eliot)“这个男人不过是个夸大了的男孩”(乔治·艾略特)〔mollycoddle〕A person, especially a man or a boy, who is pampered and overprotected.被过分宠惯和保护的人，尤指男人或男孩〔submarine〕The long sandwich featuring layers of meat and cheese on a crusty Italian roll goes by a variety of names.Submarine, sub, and hero are widespread terms, not assignable to any particular region.Most of the localized terms are clustered in the northeast United States,where the greatest numbers of Italian Americans live.Jane Stern, having studied the great variety of American names for this sandwich, finds that upstate New Yorkers call it abomber, while speakers downstate refer to awedge. In the Delaware Valley,including Philadelphia and southern New Jersey,the sandwich is called ahoagie. In Italian restaurants in New England the menu is likely to include agrinder. Speakers in Miami use the nameCuban sandwich and in Maine,Italian sandwich, but in the southern Midwest, according to Stern, the nameItalian is common, with both Italian and Italian sandwich recapturing the authentic nationality of the sandwich. In New Orleansthe same sandwich is called apoor boy and is likely to be offered in a most un-Italian version featuring fried oysters.在意大利长圆面包上放上几层肉和干酪而做成的长三明治，已有好几个名称。Submarine，sub 以及 hero 是使用最为广泛的名称， 而并非哪个地区的专用。这种三明治的大多数地方性名称集中于美国东北部地区，那里是居住意裔美国人最多的地方。简·斯特恩在对这种三明治的各种美国名称进行研究后发现，纽约州北部的居民称之为bomber（轰炸机） ， 而纽约州南部的居民称之为wedge（楔形物） 。 在特拉华河谷，包括费城和新泽西南部，这种三明治叫做hoagie 。 在新英格兰的意大利饭馆的菜单上，它称为grinder 。 迈阿密人则使用古巴三明治 这个名称， 而缅因州人使用意大利三明治 这个名称。 依据斯特恩的研究，在中西部的南部，人们普遍使用Italian（意大利式） 这一名称，或者就叫它 意大利式 ，或者称之为 意大利三明治 。这两个名称都反映了该三明治的原产国。 在新奥尔良，相同的三明治又叫做可怜的男孩 ， 而其做法绝对是非意大利式的，因为当中夹有牡蛎〔ziti〕Italian [from pl. of] zito [boy] 意大利语 源自zito的复数 [男孩] 〔shegetz〕A non-Jewish boy or young man.一个非犹太教男孩或青年男子〔mozo〕In the world of pack trains and cattle roundups,amozo provides a useful pair of extra hands. Back home on the ranch,the mozo helps with odd jobs,especially heavy work around the house.In the southwest United Statesmozo has taken on a general sense of "assistant,” even in areas not related to ranching: "An enterprising deputy of the opposition Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) called a quorum count, only to find that . . . many of the reclining figures occasionally raising their hands were mozos (attendants)” (Latin America).In fact, to call an assistant amozo is essentially to call him a "boy,” formozo is Spanish for "young man.” Even though a mozo may not be a boy in years,the word is not used disparagingly.In other languagesporters or guides are commonly referred to as "boys"—for example,gillie, from Scottish Gaelic gille, means "boy.” 在行李车上或养牛场里，一个mozo 很能帮上一把。 回到农场的家中，男佣帮着做各种杂活，尤其是重体力家务活。在美国西南地区mozo 一般是“服务员”的意思， 甚至在与农场无关的地方也是如此： “一个有胆量的PAN的代表要求法庭达到法定人数，但只发现…许多偶尔举手的、可依靠的人都是随从” （拉丁美洲）。实际上，把一个帮手称为mozo 是称他为“男孩”， 因为mozo 是西班牙语的“年轻人”。 尽管男孩在年龄上并不是个男孩了，但该词不按原意来使用。在别的语言中，看门小厮或保安通常也被称作“男孩”，例如：gillie 源自苏格兰方言 gille 意思是“男孩” 〔lederhosen〕Leather shorts, often with suspenders, worn by men and boys, especially in Bavaria.吊带花饰皮裤：皮制短裤，常带有吊带，适于男子或男孩穿用，尤盛行于巴伐利亚地区〔yarmulke〕A skullcap worn by Jewish men and boys, especially those adhering to Orthodox or Conservative Judaism.亚莫克便帽：犹太男子或男孩戴的一种无边便帽，尤指那些信奉东正教或保守犹太教的人〔Trevor〕Irish writer noted for his darkly comedic stories and novels, includingThe Old Boys (1964) and The Day We Got Drunk on Cake (1967). 特雷弗，威廉：爱尔兰作家，因其黑色幽默故事和小说而闻名，包括《老男孩》 （1964年）和 《我们因蛋糕而醉倒的那一天》 （1967年） 〔groom〕A man or boy employed to take care of horses.马夫：被雇来照看马匹的男人或男孩〔pederast〕A man who has a sexual relationship with a boy.鸡奸者：和男孩有性关系的男人〔gourmet〕from Middle English grom [boy, valet] 源自 中古英语 grom [男孩，男仆] 〔Odets〕American playwright known for his powerful works of the Depression era, includingWaiting for Lefty (1935) and Golden Boy (1937). 奥德茨，克利福德：(1906-1963) 美国剧作家，以其描写大萧条时期的作品而闻名，包括《等待老左》 （1935年）和 《金色的男孩》 （1937年） 〔mozo〕Spanish [boy, servant, mozo] 西班牙语 [男孩，男佣，小厮] 〔elevation〕a boy who grew to a height of six feet. 男孩长高到六英尺。 〔masculine〕Of or relating to men or boys; male.男人的，男孩的：男性的或关于男子的；男子的〔pedagogue〕paido- [boy] * see pedo- 1paido- [男孩] * 参见 pedo-1〔if〕With all deference to the traditional rules governing the use of the subjunctive,it should be noted that a survey of the prose of reputable writers over the past 200 years would reveal a persistent tendency to use the indicativewas where the traditional rule would require the subjunctive were. A sentence beginningIf I was the only boy in the world, while not strictly correct, is wholly unremarkable. But the corresponding practice of using the subjunctive in place of the indicative may be labeled a hypercorrection. ·In spoken Englishthere is a growing tendency to usewould have in place of the subjunctive in contrary-to-fact clauses, as inif I would have been the President, but this usage is still widely considered incorrect.See Usage Note at doubt ,should ,wish 在与指导虚拟语气使用方法的传统规则相冲突的一系列不同用法中，我们应注意到一项对过去200年散文作家的调查显示，在传统语法要求使用虚拟式的were 的情况下，有一种持久的使用直陈式 was 的趋势。 一句用假如我是世界上唯一的男孩 开头的句子不会引起人们的注意。 而一定要把其中的直陈式换成虚拟式就显得矫正过了头。在英语口语中，在与事实相反的从句中，使用would have 一词的趋势有所增加， 例如如果我会是总统， 但这种用法仍然被大多数人认为是不正确的 参见 doubt,should,wish〔laddie〕A boy or young man; a lad.男孩或年轻人；少年〔pupil〕from Latin pūpillus [diminutive of] pūpus [boy] 源自 拉丁语 pūpillus pūpus的小后缀 [男孩] 〔attagirl〕Used to show encouragement or approval to a girl or woman:好啊！好样的！：用于对男孩或男人表示鼓励或赞许：〔Gainsborough〕British portrait and landscape painter. His masterpieces includeThe Blue Boy and The Harvest Wagon (both c. 1770). 根兹伯罗，托马斯：(1727-1788) 英国肖像与风景来画家。他的代表品，包括《忧郁的男孩》 和 《丰收马车》 （都完成于1770年） 〔edition〕The boy was a smaller edition of his father.这男孩是他父亲的小号翻版〔kilt〕A similar skirt worn by women, girls, and boys.类似苏格兰裙的服装：妇女、女孩和男孩穿的苏格兰褶叠短裙的类似品〔sissified〕Of, relating to, or having the characteristics of a sissy; timid, cowardly, or effeminate.女孩气的：属于、有关或具有女孩气的男孩的；羞怯的、懦弱的或女性化的〔attaboy〕Used to show encouragement or approval to a boy or man:好啊！好样的！：用于对男孩或男人表示鼓励或赞许：〔turnabout〕A dance or party to which girls invite boys.女孩邀请男孩的舞会或聚会〔preadolescence〕The period between childhood and the onset of puberty, often designated as between the ages of 10 and 12 in girls and 11 and 13 in boys.青春前期：从儿童到青春期开始这段时间，年龄上女孩通常认为是从10岁到12岁，而男孩则通常从11岁到13岁〔male〕A man or boy.男子：男人或男孩〔he〕Used to refer to the man or boy previously mentioned or implied.他：用来指代前面提到或暗示到的男子或男孩〔pansy〕Used as a disparaging term for a man or boy who is considered effeminate.女性化的男子：对被认为有女子气的男子或男孩的贬称〔eunuch〕A man or boy whose testes are nonfunctioning or have been removed.阉人：丧失睾丸功能或被除去睾丸的男人或男孩〔pageboy〕One, usually a boy, who acts or serves as a page.当听差的男孩或男人：一个人，通常是个男孩，担当听差〔Rattigan〕British playwright whose works includeThe Winslow Boy (1946) and Separate Tables (1954). 拉蒂根爵士，泰伦提乌斯·梅尔文：(1911-1977) 英国戏剧作家，作品包括《温斯洛男孩》 （1946年）和 《分桌》 （1954年） 〔buddy〕Friend or comrade; chum. Used as a form of familiar address, especially for a man or boy:兄弟：朋友或同志；兄弟。用作一种熟悉的称呼，尤其是对男人或男孩： |
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