| 单词 | 男性 |
| 释义 | 〔male〕from Latin māsculus [diminutive of] mās [male] 源自 拉丁语 māsculus mās的小后缀 [男性的] 〔toga〕A loose one-piece outer garment worn in public by male citizens in ancient Rome.托加袍：古罗马男性公民在公共场合穿的宽松的由一块布制成的外衣〔goodman〕The male head of a household.一家之主：家庭中的男性主人〔fag〕Used as a disparaging term for a gay or homosexual man.男同性恋者，同性恋者：用作贬义，指同性恋者或男性同性恋者〔houseman〕A man employed for cleaning, maintenance, and other general work in a house or hotel.勤杂工：受雇在别人家中或旅馆中做清洁工作，维修或其他普通工作的男性〔ayatollah〕A high-ranking male Shiite religious authority, generally assuming a political role and regarded as worthy of imitation.阿亚图拉：高级的男性伊斯兰教什叶派宗教权威，一般担任一个政治角色并被认为是值得仿效的对象〔phallocentric〕Centered on men or on a male viewpoint, especially one held to entail the domination of women by men.男权中心的：男性中心或男性观点的，尤其是男性用来展现对女人驾驭权的〔satyriasis〕Excessive, often uncontrollable sexual desire in a man.色情狂：男性过度的，常常无法控制的性欲〔satyr〕A man who is affected by satyriasis.男性色情狂患者〔virility〕Masculine vigor; potency.刚强有力；男性性交能力〔godson〕A male godchild.教子：一男性教孩〔haberdasher〕A dealer in men's furnishings.男性服饰用品商〔salvific〕"the doctrine that only a perfect male form can incarnate God fully and be salvific"(Rita N. Brock)“只有男性形象才能完全转化为上帝并拯救灵魂的信条”(丽塔N.布罗克)〔climacteric〕A corresponding period sometimes occurring in men that may be marked by a reduction in sexual activity, although fertility is retained.更年期：有时见于男性的一个相应时期，可能以虽然仍有生殖能力，但性能力降低为标志〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔bris〕The rite or ceremony of male circumcision, usually performed on the eighth day of life.割礼：割男性包皮的仪式或典礼，通常在出生后第八天举行〔circumcise〕To remove the prepuce of (a male).割包皮：割去（男性）的包皮〔mechitza〕A partition erected in the seating section of an Orthodox synagogue to prevent the mixing of men and women.座位隔间：在正式宗教聚会中竖立于座位区的隔间以防止男性女性在混坐在一起〔superfecundation〕Fertilization of more than one ovum within a single menstrual cycle by separate acts of coitus, especially by different males.同期复孕：一个月经周期内不同的性行为引起的多于一个卵细胞的受精，尤指与不同男性发生性行为引起的〔feminize〕To cause (a male) to assume feminine characteristics.使…带女孩子气：使（男性）具有女性的特点〔minoxidil〕A vasodilator, C9H 15N 5O, administered orally for the treatment of hypertension and used topically to promote the regrowth of hair in male pattern baldness. 胺氧基，米诺迪尔：血管扩张剂，C9H 15N 5O，口服用于治疗高血压，局部用于促进男性斑秃部位毛发再生 〔son〕One's male child.儿子：某人的男性孩子〔orgasm〕The highest point of sexual excitement, characterized by strong feelings of pleasure and marked normally by ejaculation of semen by the male and by vaginal contractions in the female. Also called climax 性高潮：性兴奋的最高点，以极度快感为特点并通常以男性射精和女性阴道收缩为标志 也作 climax〔heterogametic〕Producing dissimilar gametes, such as those of human males, who produce two types of spermatozoa, one bearing the X-chromosome and the other bearing the Y-chromosome.产生异形配子的：产生不同的配子，如产生含有X型染色体和含有Y型染色体的两种类型的精子的人类男性配子的〔androgynous〕andro- [andro-] andro- [前缀，表示“男性的”，“雄性的”] 〔bonding〕"He says he has rediscovered the comforts of male bonding in a Washington men's group"(Marilyn Chase)“他说在华盛顿的男人群体中他重新发现了男性亲密关系带来的慰藉”(玛丽琳·蔡斯)〔Boleyn〕Queen of England (1533-1536) as the second wife of Henry VIII. The mother of Elizabeth I, she produced no male heir and was subsequently tried for adultery and beheaded.博林，安妮：(1507-1536) 英格兰皇后(1533-1536年），亨利八世的第二任妻子，伊丽莎白一世的母亲。她没有生养男性继承人，后来因通奸被审判并被砍头〔testis〕The reproductive gland in a male vertebrate, the source of spermatozoa and the androgens, normally occurring paired in an external scrotum in human beings and certain other mammals.睾丸：脊椎动物的男性生殖腺、精子和雄性激素的源泉，人类和某些哺乳动物正常的成对出现在一个体外的阴囊中〔sterile〕Impotent specifies the inability of a male to engage in sexual intercourse;in a general sense it implies powerlessness: Impotent 具体指男性不能过性生活的；广义上意味着无能力的： 〔Monsignor〕A title and an office conferred on a male cleric by a pope.阁下：由罗马主教授予男性神职人员的称谓和官职〔Propecia〕A trademark for the drug finasteride, used to treat male pattern baldness.保康丝：非纳斯特胺药剂的商标，用于治疗男性斑秃〔blond〕It is usual in English to treatblond as if it required gender marking, as in French, spelling itblonde when referring to women and blond elsewhere. But this practice is in fact a relatively recent innovation,and some have suggested that it has sexist implicationsand that the formblond should be used for both sexes. There is certainly a measure of justice to the claim that the two forms are not used symmetrically.Since English does not normally mark adjectives according to the gender of the nouns they modify,it is natural to interpret the final-e as expressing some additional meaning, perhaps because it implies that hair color provides a primary category of classification for women but not men.This association of hair color and a particular perception of feminine identity is suggested in phrasessuch asdumb blonde and Is it true blondes have more fun? or in Susan Brownmiller's depiction of Hollywood's "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women.” The corresponding masculine formblond, by contrast, is not ordinarily used to refer to men in contexts in which hair color is not specifically at issue; there is something arch in a reference toLeslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds. See Usage Note at brunette 在英语中，通常在使用blond 时似乎认为这个词需要性别标志。 正如在法语中，指女性时拼作blonde ，指其他时拼作 blond 。 但这实际上是较新的一种用法，一些人就曾认为这个词本身就带有性别的含义，而且blond 可同时用于两种性别。 两种形式并没有相应地使用的说法是有几分道理。因为英语中通常并不根据形容词修饰的名词的性而加以标明，很自然地就词尾的-e 看作附加的意思的表示， 这也许是由于它暗示头发的颜色是女性而不是男性提供了一个鉴别的首要类型。这种把头发颜色和女性鉴别的特殊方法联系在一起的作法，在如下的一些句子中有所体现，dump blonde（愚蠢的女人） 和 Is it true blondes have more fun?（金发女人真的更有情趣吗?） 或苏珊·布朗米勒的《好莱坞》中的描写的 "pantheon of celebrated blondes who have fed the fantasies of men and fueled the aspirations of women"（一些曾满足男人的幻想和勾起女人的野心的显赫女明星）。 不同的是相对应的男性的强调形式blond, 在行文中没有特别头发颜色的情况下通常并不专指男性； 如这句说法有调侃的意味的例句Leslie Howard, Robert Redford, and other celebrated blonds（莱斯利·霍华德，罗伯特·莱德佛拉和其他著名的金发明星中） 参见 brunette〔lingam〕A stylized phallus worshiped as a symbol of the god Shiva.男性生殖器：象征着印度湿婆神而被崇拜的男性生殖器象征〔muliebrity〕Latin muliēbritās [state of womanhood (as against maidenhood)] 拉丁语 muliēbritās [女性（与男性相对）的状态] 〔butch〕Probably from the male nickname Butch 可能源自男性绰号 Butch 〔trouser〕An outer garment for covering the body from the waist to the ankles, divided into sections to fit each leg separately, worn especially by men and boys. Often used in the plural.裤子：尤指男性穿着的一种外衣，覆盖以腰际到脚踝的部分，分成两部分以分别适合每条腿，常用复数形式〔phallus〕The penis.阴茎；男性生殖器〔virilization〕Development of male secondary sexual characteristics.获得男性第二特征〔son〕Used as a familiar form of address for a young man.孩子：用于家庭称呼中称呼一个男性年轻人〔they〕from Old Norse their [masculine pl. demonstrative and personal pron.] * see to- 源自 古斯堪的纳维亚语 their [男性复数，指示代名词和人称代名词] * 参见 to- |
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