| 单词 | 病人 |
| 释义 | 〔mesmerism〕When the members of an audience sit mesmerized by a speaker,their reactions do not take the form of dancing, sleeping, or falling into convulsions.But if Franz Anton Mesmer were addressing the audience,such behavior could be expected.Mesmer, a visionary 18th-century physician,believed cures could be effected by having patients do thingssuch as sit with their feet in a fountain of magnetized waterwhile holding cables attached to magnetized trees.Mesmer then came to believe that magnetic powers resided in himself,and during highly fashionable curative sessions in Parishe caused his patients to have reactions ranging from sleeping or dancing to convulsions.These reactions were actually brought about by hypnotic powers that Mesmer was unaware he possessed.One of his pupils, named Puységur, then used the termmesmerism (first recorded in English in 1802) for Mesmer's practices. The related wordmesmerize (first recorded in English in 1829), having shed its reference to the hypnotic doctor, lives on in the sense "to enthrall.”当一群观众被一位演讲者深深吸引时，他们的反应方式不会是舞蹈、睡眠或哄堂大笑。但是如果换了弗兰茨·奥顿·梅斯梅尔来给这群听众作演讲的话，那么这些行为是有可能发生的。梅斯梅尔，这位18世纪眼光远大的医师，认为可以通过诸如以下方法来治疗疾病，即让病人把脚放在有磁性的水中，同时手执与磁力场相连接的电线。此后，梅斯梅尔又认为他自己体内就存在着磁力，并且他在巴黎推行他的治疗方法的过程中，他又使他的病人们作出了睡眠、舞蹈直至抽搐等各种反应。这些反应实际上是他所拥有的催眠力导致的，但他自己却不知道自己拥有这样的力量。后来，梅斯梅尔的一个叫做皮勒塞格尔的学生采用了mesmerism （在英语中始见于1802年）这一字眼来给梅斯梅尔的治疗方法命名。 另一相关词汇mesmerize （在英语中始见于1829年）则摒弃了与这位催眠医师的关系， 现在这个词意是“迷惑住”〔prone〕The patient was lying prone on the bed.病人俯卧在床上〔sad〕The patient's face, though it was melancholy, brightened at the arrival of the guests.尽管这个病人的表情常常是忧伤的，但客人的到来使他开朗起来。〔animadvert〕"a man . . . who animadverts on miserly patients, egocentric doctors, psychoanalysis and Lucky Luciano with evenhanded fervor"(Irwin Faust)“一个吝啬、苛刻的病人，自私自利的医生，精神分析学和幸运的卢奇给予公正评价的人”(欧文·福斯特)〔injure〕The patient's intelligence has been impaired by a brain injury. Tomar is to impair by or as if by disfiguring: 由于脑伤，病人的智力受损。 mar 是指通过或好象通过破坏使受损： 〔bolster〕Visitors bolstered the patient's morale.探访者鼓起了病人的信心〔work〕worked up a patient profile; worked up an appetite.精心整理出病人的记录；努力培养胃口〔attending〕The principal physician supervising a patient's care.主治医生：照管某一病人的主治医师〔cooperative〕a cooperative patient.愿意配合的病人〔complaint〕The symptom or distress about which a patient seeks medical assistance.病症：病人寻求医疗救助的症状或病痛〔mend〕The patient is mending well.这个病人的病情正在好转〔medevac〕To transport (a patient) to a place where medical care is available.将（一病人）运送至能受到医疗救助的地方〔lunatic〕Characterized by lunacy or eccentricity.精神错乱者的或为精神错乱病人而设立的〔aftercare〕Treatment or care given to convalescent patients after release from a hospital.愈后治疗与护理：对康复期病人出院后进行的治疗与护理〔speculate〕speculated that high cholesterol was a contributing factor to the patient's health problems.推测高胆固醇含量是影响病人健康的一个因素〔conscious〕The patient remained fully conscious after the local anesthetic was administered.病人在施以局部麻醉之后仍能保持完全清醒〔hospitalization〕The act of placing a person in a hospital as a patient.住院：以病人身份住院〔pack〕The swathing of a patient or a body part in hot, cold, wet, or dry materials, such as cloth towels, sheets, or blankets.布裹疗法：在冷、热、湿或干的材料下病人或身体部分的包扎，如布毛巾、床单或毛毯等〔insanity〕prescribed drugs to control the patient's periods of mania.开药方来控制病人的躁狂的阶段。〔infirmary〕A place for the care of the infirm, sick, or injured, especially a small hospital or dispensary in an institution.医院，医务室：一个照料老人、病人或伤员的地方，尤指小型医院或诊所〔gender〕Traditionally,gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of "masculine,” "feminine,” and "neuter"; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories,as in phrases such asgender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists,who reservesex for reference to biological categories, while usinggender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule,one would sayThe effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, butIn peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle,but it is by no means widely observed,and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.传统地，gender 已被主要用来指“阳性”、“阴性”和“中性”的语法类别， 自近年来，这个单词已被人们普遍接受为指基于性别区分的类别，例如在词组性别差异 和 性别政治 中， 这种用法被许多人类学家所支持，他们把sex 局限为生物类别， 而用gender 来指社会和文化方面的类别。 根据这种规则，我们应该说医疗的有效性似乎取决于 （而不是 gender ） 病人的性别， 但是在农业国家中，性别的 （不是 sex ） 角色易于有更清楚的定义。 这种区分在原则上是有用的，但无法被人们广泛注意，而且大量变体出现于在不同水平的用法中〔critical〕Being or relating to a grave physical condition especially of a patient.严重的：尤指病人处于或涉及到严重的身体状况的〔any〕The patient cannot endure chemotherapy for any length of time.病人对于化疗一会儿也不能忍受〔couch〕A sofa on which a patient lies while undergoing psychoanalysis or psychiatric treatment.长榻，躺椅：病人躺在上面进行心理分析或精神病治疗的一种沙发〔copay〕A copayment.共付额制，病人部分负担制〔lose〕a doctor who has lost very few patients.这位医生鲜有不能治愈的病人〔johnny〕A loose short-sleeved gown opening in the back, worn by patients undergoing medical treatment or examination.无领短袖后开罩衫：接受治疗或检查的病人所穿的一种后开身的短袖宽松罩衫〔discharge〕discharge a patient; discharge a soldier.允许病人出院；让士兵退伍〔anywhere〕Anywhere from 300 to 400 patients suffered secondary infections.有三百到四百位病人遭受再感染之苦〔mongolism〕From Mongolian [term used in a system of classification for mentally retarded people, devised around ethnic lines by John L.H. Down (1828-1896), British physician] 源自 Mongolian[用于愚痴类病人分类系统的术语，是由英国大夫约翰L．H．道恩(1828-1896年）根据种族的形态而设计得名] 〔open〕The surgeon opened up the patient's chest.这名外科医生切开了病人的胸部〔watcher〕One who keeps vigil, as at a sick person's bedside.护理者：如在病人身旁等看护的人〔custodial〕custodial treatment of terminal patients.照料患不治之症的病人〔semiprivate〕Shared with usually one to three other hospital patients:半私用的：一个到三个医院病人分享的：〔history〕A record of a patient's medical background.病史：病人医疗情况的记录〔devote〕Nurses devote themselves to the care of the sick.护士致力于病人的护理事业。〔confer〕a doctor conferring with a patient;医生与病人交换意见；〔Beers〕American mental-health pioneer who as a patient discovered abysmal conditions in asylums. On his release he wrote an autobiography,A Mind That Found Itself (1908), and thereafter worked for international mental-health reforms. 比尔斯，克利福德·惠延厄姆：(1876-1943) 美国心理卫生学的先驱。作为一个病人，他发现了精神病院极端恶劣的条件。刚一出院他就写了一本自传《发现本体的心智》 （1908年），从此以后致力于国际精神卫生的改革工作 〔subject〕The patients on that ward were subjected to infection.那张病床上的病人受了感染〔bedside〕a physician's bedside conversation with a patient.医生与病人的床边谈话 |
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