| 单词 | 病理学 |
| 释义 | 〔phytopathology〕The science of plant diseases.植物病理学：研究植物疾病的科学〔otology〕The branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, and pathology of the ear.耳科学：医学的分支，研究耳的构造、功能和耳部病理学〔nosography〕The systematic description of diseases.病理学：对疾病的系统描述〔pathological〕Of or relating to pathology.病理学的：病理学的；关于病理学的〔pathography〕“[It] falls into pathography's technique of emphasizing the sensational underside of its subject's life" (Joyce Carol Oates)“［它］ 涉及突出它的研究对象在生活中其感情深层的病理学技能” (乔伊丝·卡罗尔·奥茨)〔hyperkinesia〕Pathologically increased muscular movement.运动机能亢进：病理学上的运动机能亢进〔rhinology〕The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nose.鼻科学：鼻子的解剖学、生理学及病理学〔pathology〕The scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Also called pathobiology 病理学：研究疾病的性质、原因、发生、发展的科学 也作 pathobiology〔Fitz〕American pioneer in pathology who identified appendicitis and proposed surgery for its cure.菲茨，雷金纳德·赫博：(1843-1913) 美国病理学的先驱，他确诊了阑尾炎并提出了外科手术治疗法〔dermatology〕The branch of medicine that is concerned with the physiology and pathology of the skin.皮肤学：与皮肤的生理学和病理学有关的医学分支〔miosis〕Constriction of the pupil of the eye, resulting from a normal response to an increase in light or caused by certain drugs or pathological conditions.缩瞳：眼睛瞳孔的缩小，是对光线增强的正常反应结果或由某些药物或病理学情况而引起〔histopathology〕The study of the microscopic anatomical changes in diseased tissue.组织病理学：关于病态组织的微小的构造上的变化的研究〔communicology〕The study of communication, including such fields as semiotics, audiology, and speech pathology.沟通学：沟通的研究，包括如记号语言学、听力学及言论病理学这些领域〔pathography〕A style of biography that overemphasizes the negative aspects of a person's life and work, such as failure, unhappiness, illness, and tragedy:病理学：一种生物学，特别强调人的生活和工作中如失败、不快、疾病和不幸等不良方面：〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact |
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