| 单词 | 白人 |
| 释义 | 〔front〕"Goodman . . . became the first major white bandleader to front an integrated group"(Bill Barol)“古德曼…成为领导混合人种乐团的首席白人乐队指挥”(比尔·巴罗尔)〔Teton〕The largest and westernmost of the Sioux peoples, made up of seven groups including the Oglala, Hunkpapa, Brulé, and Miniconjou. The Teton became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating westward in the 18th century and figured prominently in the resistance to white encroachment on the northern Great Plains.提顿人：苏族的最大与最西部分支，由七部分组成，包括奥哥拉拉，汉克帕帕，布鲁和明尼康鸠。提顿人在18世纪西迁后成为游牧猎牛者，并且在抵抗白人对大平原北部蚕食中表现突出〔Parks〕American civil rights leader. Her refusal to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama, resulted in a city-wide boycott of the bus company and stirred the civil rights movement across the nation.派克斯，罗萨：(生于 1913) 美国民权领导人，她因在美国阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利的公共汽车上拒绝让座给一个白人，而引起了全市范围汽车公司的联合抵制，激起了全国的民权运动〔coonass〕Used as a disparaging term for a Cajun.蠢蛋：用作对美国亚拉巴马州西南部和密西西比州毗邻地区白人、印第安人、黑人混血人的轻视语〔Beiderbecke〕American jazz composer and musician. A self-taught pianist and cornet player, he was the first white musician to be recognized by Black musicians as a luminary of the jazz world.贝德贝克，利昂·俾斯马克：(1903-1931) 美国爵士乐作曲家和音乐家。作为自学成材的钢琴家和短号手，他是第一个在爵士乐圈中被黑人音乐家认为杰出的白人音乐家〔mulatto〕A person having one white and one Black parent.黑白混血儿：父母分别为黑人和白人的人〔backlash〕"White backlash increases as the pressure for change in South Africa mounts"(Masipula Sithole)“随着南非要求变化活动的压力的增加，白人的对抗情绪也增加了”(马西普拉·西索尔)〔Cheyenne〕A Native American people, divided after 1832 into the Northern and Southern Cheyenne, inhabiting respectively southeast Montana and southern Colorado, with present-day populations in Montana and Oklahoma. The Cheyenne became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating to the Great Plains in the 18th century and figured prominently in the resistance by Plains Indians to white encroachment.夏延部落：一支美洲土著部落，1832年之后分裂为北夏延部落和南夏延部落，分别居住在蒙大拿州东南部和科罗拉多州南部，现在主要分布在蒙大纳州和俄克拉荷马州。在18世纪夏延部落迁移到大平原地区之后成了捕猎水牛的游牧部落，在平原印第安人抵抗白人入侵的斗争中异常勇猛〔segregation〕The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.种族隔离：强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种岐视的政策〔Cajun〕Often Cajan A member of a group living in southern Alabama and southeast Mississippi, of mixed white, Black, and Native American ancestry. 常作 Cajan 阿卡迪亚人：居住在阿拉巴马南部和密西西比东南部的一个民族，混有白人、黑人和印第安人的血统〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔black〕"Together, blacks and whites can move our country beyond racism" (Whitney Moore Young, Jr.). “团结起来，黑人和白人可以使我们的国家超越种族” （小惠特尼·摩尔·扬）。〔Riel〕Canadian insurrectionist who organized the métis settlers of the Red River valley in a rebellion over their land rights (1869). After leading a similar uprising in Saskatchewan (1884-1885), he was captured and executed by Canadian authorities.瑞尔，路易斯：(1844-1885) 加拿大叛乱者，他曾在争取土地权利的反抗中组织了红河山谷的印第安人和白人的混血人居住者(1869年），在领导了萨斯喀彻温类似的起义后(1884-1885年），他被加拿大当局逮捕并处死〔white〕Also White Of, relating to, or belonging to a racial group having light skin coloration, especially one of European origin: 也作 White 白人的：白人的，与白人相关的，或属于拥有浅淡肤色的种族人群，尤指具有欧洲血缘的人的：〔Creole〕Often creole A person of mixed Black and European ancestry who speaks a creolized language, especially one based on French or Spanish. 常作 creole 黑白混血种人：黑人和欧洲血统白人的混血儿，讲克里奥尔化语言，尤指以法语或西班牙语为基础语的混杂语言〔Muzorewa〕Zimbabwean clergyman and political leader who advocated a peaceful transition from the white-minority government of Rhodesia to an independently ruled Zimbabwe. He served as Zimbabwe's prime minister (1979-1980).穆佐雷瓦，艾贝尔·腾德凯伊：(生于 1925) 津巴布韦牧师和政治领导人，提倡由罗得西亚的少数白人政府向独立自治的津巴布韦和平移交。曾任津巴布韦总理(1979-1980年）〔blockbusting〕The practice of persuading white homeowners to sell quickly and usually at a loss by appealing to the fear that minority groups and especially Black people will move into the neighborhood, causing property values to decline. The property is then resold at inflated prices.住宅区恐慌：说服白人屋产所有者低价快速出售房屋的计策，指制造少数民族人士尤其是黑人将要迁入的恐慌，以使房产价格下跌。然后将贬值产业得手后又以高价卖出〔Hughes〕American writer. Through his poetry, prose, and drama he made important contributions to the Harlem Renaissance. His best-known works includeWeary Blues (1926) and The Ways of White Folks (1934). 休斯，（詹姆斯）兰斯顿：(1902-1967) 美国作家。他的诗歌，散文和戏剧对哈莱姆文艺复兴做出了重要贡献。他最著名的作品包括《消沉的蓝色》 （1926年）和 《白人的方式》 （1934年） 〔ofay〕Used as a disparaging term for a white person.白人：用作对白色人种的蔑称〔black〕Use of the capitalized form has the advantage of acknowledging the parallel with other ethnic groups and nationalities,such asItalian and Sioux. It can be argued thatblack is different from these other terms because it was derived from an adjective rather than from a proper name.However, a precedent exists for the capitalization of adjectives used to denote specific groups,as in theReds and the Whites (of the Russian Civil War) or the Greens (the European political party). The capitalization ofBlack does raise ancillary problems for the treatment of the term white. Orthographic evenhandedness would seem to require the use of the uppercase formWhite, but this form might be taken to imply that whites constitute a single ethnic group,an issue that is certainly debatable.On the other hand, the use of the lowercase formwhite in the same context as the uppercase form Black will obviously raise questions as to how and why the writer has distinguished between the two groups.There is no entirely happy solution to this problem.In all likelihood, uncertainty as to the mode of styling ofwhite has dissuaded many publications from adopting the capitalized form Black. See Usage Note at color 大写字母的好处在于对于其他种族和民族平等关系的承认，如意大利人 和 苏人。 有人可以争辩说black 与其他词不同， 因为他是由一个形容词而不是专有名词派生而成的。但是，大写形容词意指一组人已有前例，如Reds 和 Whites （俄国内战中）或 Greens （欧洲政党）。 大写的Black 确实引起了该如何对待 White 一词的有关问题。 正字法的公正要求使用White 的大写形式White， 但这种形式可能被认为暗示白人组成了单独的种族，这是会引起争论的问题。另一方面，在有black 大写形式White出现的相同语境中使用 White 的小写形式white， 显然会引起如何及为什么作者要对这两组人区别对待的问题。这一问题尚无令人满意的解决办法。White 书写方式的不确定性很可能已经使许多出版物不再采用大写形式的 Black 参见 color〔Tecumseh〕Shawnee leader who attempted to establish a confederacy to unify Native Americans against white encroachment. He sided with the British in the War of 1812 and was killed in the Battle of the Thames.特库姆塞：肖尼族印第安人酋长，曾试图建立联盟以团结北美印第安人反抗白人入侵。在1812年的战争中他与英国人并肩作战，在泰晤士战役中阵亡〔Crawford〕American writer of more than 40 romantic novels, includingThe Three Fates (1892) and The White Nun (1909). 克劳福德，弗朗西斯·马里恩：(1854-1909) 美国作家，著有40多部浪漫主义小说，其中包括有《三种命运》 （1892年）和 《白人修女》 （1909年） 〔nightrider〕One of a secret band of mounted, usually masked white men who engaged in nocturnal terrorism for revenge or intimidation in the southern United States especially during Reconstruction.夜间骑行的人：美国南部夜间蒙面骑行的白人秘密组织的一员，他们进行暴力活动以达到惩罚或恐怖目的，尤其在南北战争后的重建时期〔white〕Also White A member of a racial group of people having light skin coloration, especially one of European origin.See Usage Note at black 也作 White 白人：一个种族群体的成员，拥有浅淡肤色，尤其指有欧洲血缘的人 参见 black〔redneck〕Used as a disparaging term for a member of the white rural laboring class, especially in the southern United States.红脖子，乡下佬：对属于农村劳动阶层，特别是美国南方这一阶层白人的贬称〔Shawnee〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting parts of the Cumberland and central Ohio valleys, with present-day populations in Oklahoma. The Shawnee figured prominently in the resistance to white settlement of the Ohio Valley in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.肖尼族：一个早期居住于坎伯尔的部分地区和俄亥俄山谷中部的土著美洲民族，现居住于俄克拉荷马州。肖尼族于18世纪晚期和19世纪早期在抵抗白人移居俄亥俄山谷时起过突出作用〔putdown〕"Such answers were, perhaps still are, a . . . form of put-down to the questions of white people"(Lillian Hellman)“这样的回答曾经是，也许依然是，…对白人的诘难的蔑视”(莉莲·赫尔曼)〔Biko〕South African political activist who led an anti-apartheid movement that urged all South African Blacks to disassociate themselves from white and multiracial culture. He was killed in prison by South African police.比科，史蒂芬·班图：领导反种族隔离制运动的南非政治活动家，他敦促所有南非黑人否定白人文化和多民族文化。在监禁期间他被南非警方杀害〔honky〕Used as a disparaging term for a white person.白鬼子：用作对白人的蔑称〔minstrel〕One of a troupe of entertainers made up in blackface and presenting a comic variety show.说唱演员：由白人扮黑人并演出滑稽说唱戏的巡回演出团演员〔ofay〕The commonly seen etymology ofofay —Pig Latin for foe —is perhaps of less interest than the more likely story of this word's origins. The word, which is first recorded in the first quarter of the 20th century,must have been in use much longer if it is, as some scholars think, borrowed from an African source.Although this source has not been pinned down,the suggested possibilities are in themselves interesting.One would trace it to the Ibibio wordafia, "white or light-colored.” Another would have it come from Yorubaofe, a word that was said in order to protect oneself from danger. The term was then transferred to white people,regarded as a danger to Black people throughout the wretched days of slavery and beyond.ofay 一词的最常见的词形变化是 foe ，一种儿童黑话说法——可能更有趣的是关于这个词来源的故事： 在20世纪前二十五年里有次记载，如果按一些学者们所想，如果它是从非洲借过来的，它被使用的时间应更长一些。虽然这个说法还没有定下来，但它蕴含的可能性本身就很有趣。人们可能将它追溯到一个伊比比奥词afia ，意思是“白色或浅色”。 另还有人将它追溯到约鲁巴语ofe ，这个词是为了保持自己，避开危险的意思。 此后这个术语被移用于白人，这些白人在奴隶制及以前的悲惨日子里，被认为是对黑人们的危险〔Delaware〕A group of closely related Native American peoples formerly inhabiting the Delaware and Hudson river valleys and the area between, with present-day populations in Oklahoma, Kansas, Wisconsin, and Ontario. The Delaware formed a variety of political alliances in their westward migration after losing their lands to white settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries.特拉华人：一群与早期居住在特拉华河河谷和哈得孙河河谷及其之间的地区的美国印第安人有亲缘关系的人。现今人口分布在俄克拉荷马州、堪萨斯州、威斯康星州和安大略州。17和18世纪期间，特拉华人在土地被白人殖民者夺走后向西迁移，在此过程中他们结成了各种政治联盟〔whitey〕Used as a disparaging term for a white person or white people.白鬼：用于指单个白人的贬称或整体白人的贬称〔Pakeha〕A New Zealander of European descent; a non-Maori New Zealander.非毛利族血统的白人：欧裔新西兰人；非毛利族血统的新西兰人〔colored〕A person of a racial group not regarded as white.不被认为是白人的群落的一员 |
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