| 单词 | 盎格鲁 |
| 释义 | 〔Northumbria〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of northern England formed in the seventh century by the union of Bernicia and Deira, Angle kingdoms originally established c.a.d. 500. Much of Northumbria fell to invading Danes in the ninth century and was annexed to Wessex in 954. 诺林伯利亚：北英格兰-盎格鲁-撒克逊王国，公元7世纪由伯尼西亚和德伊勒联盟建立，盎格鲁王国始建于公元 500年。诺森伯利亚的大部分在9世纪被入侵的丹麦人占领，954年被韦塞克斯吞并 〔heptarchy〕Often Heptarchy The informal confederation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the fifth to the ninth century, consisting of Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia. 常作 Heptarchy 七王国：从5世纪到9世纪盎格鲁·撒克逊王国的非正式联盟，由肯特、南撒西克斯、西撒西克斯、东撒西克斯、诺森布里亚，东英格兰和麦西亚组成〔Midlands〕A region of central England. It roughly corresponds with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and is today a highly industrialized area.英格兰中部地区：英格兰中部地区。与盎格鲁-撒克逊的麦西亚王国疆域大体相当，今为一高度工业化的地区〔Bernicia〕A sixth-centurya.d. Anglian kingdom in present-day northeast England. It was later part of the kingdom of Northumbria. 伯尼西亚：公元 6世纪时一盎格鲁王国，位于现在英国的东北部。是后来诺森伯里亚王国的一部 〔Leinster〕A historical region of southeast Ireland. Its wealth and accessibility made it an early prey to Danish and Anglo-Saxon invasions.伦斯特省：位于爱尔兰东南部的一个历史地区。因其财富和易得而很早就成为丹麦人和盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵的掠夺对象〔earwig〕In an Anglo-Norman text written around the beginning of the 15th century we are told that elephants guard their ears diligently against flies and earwigs.Elephants have good cause to protect themselves against these insects if, as folklore has it, earwigs go through the ear into the head.The earwig, however, prefers to dine on things such as flowers, fruit, and small insectsrather than brain tissue.Folklore is responsible, though, for the insect's name,which was formed in Old English fromēare, the Old English source of our word ear, and wicga, "insect,” a word presumably related to our word wiggle. 大约在15世纪初期，有一本盎格鲁·诺曼的课本提到大象很小心地保护它们的耳朵，以防苍蝇和蠼螋。民间传说讲，蠼螋会通过耳朵进入大脑，大象防范这些昆虫是很有理由的。但是蠼螋喜欢吃花朵、水果及一些小昆虫，而不是大脑组织。然而民间传说却产生了这种昆虫的名字，当时是由古英语词eare ，即我们的 ear 的古英语词源及可能和现代词 wiggle 有关的意为“昆虫”的 wicga 组成的 〔March〕American philologist and lexicographer noted for his work in comparative Anglo-Saxon linguistics.马奇，弗朗西斯·安德鲁：(1825-1911) 美国的语言学家和词典编纂家，以他在盎格鲁-撒克逊比较语言学方面的研究而闻名〔Shropshire〕A historical region of western England on the Welsh border. It was part of the kingdom of Mercia during Anglo-Saxon times.什罗普郡：英格兰西部一历史地区，与威尔士接壤，在盎格鲁-撒克逊时代是麦西亚王国的一部分〔tennis〕Surprisingly, the origin of the wordtennis is not precisely known, even though much is known about the history of this sport. The word in the formtenetz is first recorded in a work written around 1400. The game referred to is what is now calledcourt tennis, or real tennis, which is played on a large indoor court with a specially marked-out floorand high cement walls off which the ball may be played.It seems likely that the Middle English formtenetz is from tenetz, an Anglo-Norman variant of the Old French word tenez, the imperative oftenir, "to hold,” and meaning "receive,” said by the server to his opponent.As this evidence indicates, tennis originated in medieval France,but the French called the game, then as now,la paume. Bytennis we do not mean what tenetz or la paume meant but rather lawn tennis, a term first recorded around 1874, shortly after an early form of lawn tennis, descended from court tennis, was introduced. Unlike court tennis, which is traditionally associated with the rich and the royal, tennis is open to players from a wide spectrum of society,although it certainly is not unconnected with the rich and the royal.令人惊讶的是，尽管人们对这项运动的历史知之甚多，但tennis 一词的起源却不被人所详细了解。 在约1400年，此词以tenetz 的形式第一次出现在书面上。 其所指的运动就是现在所谓的court tennis 或 real tennis ， 这是一种在有标记的地板的室内场地上进行的运动，场地四周有很高的泥灰墙。而中古英语的tenetz 有可能是从 tenetz 这个古法语中的盎格鲁-诺曼变体 tenez 得来的。 而该古法语词又是tenir 一词的祈使式， 意为“抓住，握住”，而发球人对其对手说时意义为“接住”。这一例子似乎说明网球运动起源于中世纪的法国，但是在法语中，这项运动从古至今一直被称为la paume 。 我们用tennis 这一词其实指代的不是 tenetz 或者 la paume 指代的事物，而是 lawn tennis 这一在1874年前后第一次被记录的词语所指代的事物，此时由庭院网球演变而来的草地网球的一种早期形式正在被介绍开来。 不象传统上与富人和贵族联系紧密的庭院网球，网球运动适合社会各阶层的人，当然这并不是说这一运动就与富人和贵族没有联系〔Winchester〕A municipal borough of south-central England southwest of London. The capital of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, it was an important center of learning that attracted many religious scholars after the Norman Conquest (1066). Population, 32,100.温彻斯特区：英格兰中南部一自治区，位于伦敦西南。是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期西撒克斯王国的首府。在诺曼征服(1066年）以后，成为一个吸引了众多宗教学者的重要学术中心。人口32,100〔gemot〕A public meeting or local judicial assembly in Anglo-Saxon England.集会：英国盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的公共集会或地方审判会〔Saxonism〕An English word, phrase, or idiom of Anglo-Saxon origin.撒克逊语风：源于盎格鲁-撒克逊的英语单词、短语或成语〔witan〕The members of the witenagemot in Anglo-Saxon England.议会议员：英格兰盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的议会议员〔housecarl〕A member of the bodyguard or household troops of a Danish or Anglo-Saxon king or noble.国王（或贵族）侍卫：丹麦或盎格鲁-撒克逊国王或贵族的近卫军或御林军成员〔atheling〕An Anglo-Saxon nobleman or prince, especially the heir to a throne.贵族，王子：盎格鲁-撒克逊贵族或王子，尤指王室中的继承者〔Cumbria〕An ancient Celtic kingdom of northwest England. The southern part came under Anglo-Saxon control c. 944; the northern portion passed to Scotland in 1018.坎布里亚：英格兰西北部的一个古凯尔特王国。它的南部在944年被盎格鲁-撒克逊人控制；它的北部地区在1018年被划归苏格兰管辖〔alderman〕The chief officer of a shire in Anglo-Saxon England.郡长：盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰一个郡的首要官员〔Ethelbert〕Anglo-Saxon king who ruled all of Britain south of the Humber, was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine (597), and codified English law (604).埃塞尔伯特：盎格鲁--撒克逊国王，他曾统治亨伯河以南的英国全部地区，597年圣·奥古斯丁使其改信基督教，604年他编纂了英国法律〔Sussex〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of southern England bordering on the English Channel. Founded in the fifth centurya.d. , it was captured by the kingdom of Wessex in 825. 苏塞克斯：英格兰南部濒临英吉利海峡的盎格鲁-撒克逊王国，建立于公元 5世纪，在825年被西撒克斯王国所俘 〔frankpledge〕An Anglo-Saxon legal system in which units or tithings composed of ten households were formed, in each of which members were held responsible for one another's conduct.十户联保制：一种盎格鲁-撒克逊的法律体系，其中形成含有十户人家的单位或十户区，在一单位或十户区里，成员们对彼此的行为都负有责任〔geld〕A tax paid to the crown by English landholders under Anglo-Saxon and Norman kings.捐税：盎格鲁-撒克逊和诺尔曼王朝时期英国地主向君王交纳的捐税〔Kent〕A region and former kingdom of southeast England. Jutes settled in the area in the fifth centurya.d. , displacing the original inhabitants and establishing one of the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Converted to Christianity in 597, the people of Kent later became subject to the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex. 肯特郡：英格兰东南部一区和以前的王国。公元 5世纪朱特人在此定居，赶走了原有居民并建立了盎格鲁-撒克逊七王国中的一个。597年，肯特郡人皈依基督教，后来成为麦西亚王国和西塞克斯王国的臣民 〔Mercia〕An Anglo-Saxon kingdom of central England. It was settled by Angles c.a.d. 500 and enjoyed its greatest influence during the rule (757-796) of Offa. In 874 the kingdom was overrun by the Danes and split between Wessex and the Danelaw. 麦西亚：英格兰中部的一个盎格鲁-撒克逊王国。盎格鲁人于公元 500年开始定居于此。在奥发统治期间（757-796年）国力达到鼎盛。874年，王国被丹麦人推翻，并分裂成威塞克斯和施行丹族法的地区两部分 〔father〕A priest or clergyman in the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches.神父：罗马天主教或盎格鲁教的牧师或神父〔Alcuin〕Anglo-Saxon prelate and scholar who was a leader in the revival of learning in medieval Europe.阿尔昆：盎格鲁-撒克逊高级教士及学者，为中世纪欧洲文化复兴的一个领袖〔Wasp〕A white Protestant of Anglo-Saxon ancestry.祖先是盎格鲁·撒克逊人的白种新教徒〔Aligarh〕A city of north-central India southeast of Delhi. It is noted for its university, established in 1875 as Anglo-Oriental College. Population, 320,861.阿里格尔：印度中北部一城市，位于德里东南。以其建于1875年的盎格鲁-东方学院而著名。人口320,861〔doom〕A statute or ordinance, especially one in force in Anglo-Saxon England.法规：尤指盎格鲁-撒克逊时期生效的法规或命令〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔witenagemot〕An Anglo-Saxon advisory council to the king, composed of about 100 nobles, prelates, and other officials, convened at intervals to discuss administrative and judicial affairs.盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的国会：一种盎格鲁-撒克逊时代国王的顾问委员会，大约由100个贵族、高级教士和其它官员组成，间歇性地开会讨论行政和司法事务〔ealdorman〕The chief magistrate of a district in Anglo-Saxon England.郡长：盎格鲁·撒克逊时代的地区长官〔Dorset〕A region of southwest England on the English Channel. Part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, it was used as the setting for many of Thomas Hardy's novels.多塞特：英格兰西南部地区，位于英吉利海峡之畔。盎格鲁-撒克逊王国之一韦塞克斯王国的一部分，被用作托马斯·哈代许多小说的背景〔Wace〕Anglo-Norman poet whose adaptation of Arthurian legend,Roman de Brut (1155), was the first to mention the Round Table. 瓦斯：盎格鲁-诺曼语诗人，在他的改编的亚瑟王朝传说《布鲁特传奇》 （1155年），首次提到圆桌骑士 〔Fens〕A lowland district of eastern England west and south of the Wash. Early attempts by the Romans to drain the area were abandoned by Anglo-Saxon times. Modern-day reclamation of the Fens began in the 17th century.芬斯：东英格兰西部和瓦士湾南部的一片低地，早期被罗马人夺取并排水而在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期被遗弃，现在开垦利用的芬斯是从17世纪开始的〔fun〕The day may come when this usage is entirely unremarkable,just as the wordtalkative has lost all taint of its originally jocular formation from the attachment of a Latinate suffix to a native Anglo-Saxon root. At present, however, the attributive use offun may still raise eyebrows, and writers who want to stay on the safe side are advised to avoid it in contexts in which a light tone would not be appropriate.也许总有一天，这一用法会变得完全不引人注意了，正如单词talkative 在其拉丁语后缀与盎格鲁-撒克逊语词根组成词时该词有打趣的意味，但现在已失去其所具有的本义了。 然而，现在使用fun 做定语仍有可能导致误解， 而为保险起见的作家也都会避免在与轻松的语调显得不太协调的行文中使用该词〔Cynewulf〕Anglo-Saxon poet whose extant works areJuliana, Elene, The Ascension, and The Fates of the Apostles. 基涅武甫：盎格鲁-撒克逊诗人，其现存作品有《朱丽安娜，埃琳娜，耶稣升天》 和 《使徒们的命运》 〔Woden〕An Anglo-Saxon god identified with Odin.沃登：一位同奥丁同等地位的盎格鲁-撒克逊的神〔gavelkind〕An English system of land tenure from Anglo-Saxon times to 1926 that provided for the equal division of land among all qualified heirs.财产保有权：一种英国的土地保有制度，始于盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，废于1926年，即把其土地平均分配给有资格的继承人〔soldier〕Why do soldiers fight?One answer is hidden away in the wordsoldier itself. Its first recorded occurrence is found in a work composed around 1300,the word having come into Middle English (assoudier ) from Old French soudoior and Anglo-Norman soudeour. The Old French word,first recorded in the 12th century,is derived fromsol or soud, Old French forms of Modern French sou. There is no longer a French coin namedsou, but the meaning of the wordsou alerts us to the fact that money is involved. Indeed, Old Frenchsol referred to a coin and also meant "pay,”and asoudoior was a man who fought for pay. This was a concept worth expressing in an era when many men were not paid for fighting but did it in service to a feudal superior.Thussoldier is parallel to the word mercenary, which goes back to Latinmercēnnārius, derived frommerces, "pay,” and meaning "working for pay.”The word could also be used as a noun,one of whose senses was "a soldier of fortune.”士兵们为什么而打仗?其中一个答案就隐藏在soldier 这个单词里面。 在大约1300年的一本著作中发现了这个词的最早记载。这个词由古法语的soudoior 和盎格鲁诺曼底语中的 soudeour 进入中古英语（形式为 soudier )。 古法语中的这个单词，最早记录于12世纪，是由sol 或 soud ，现代法语单词 sou 的古法语形式衍变而来的。 已经没有叫做sou 的法国硬币了， 但是单词sou 的意思使我们意识到这和钱有关。 实际上，古法语中的sol 指的是一枚硬币， 也意味着“报酬”，而soudoior 是一个为了报酬而打仗的人。 在许多人打仗并没有得到报酬而是给封建王服役的时代里，这种概念是值得表达出来的。这样，士兵(soldier) 类似于 雇佣兵(mercenary) ， 可以追溯到拉丁文mercennarius ， 由merces “报酬”衍变而来， 意思是“为报酬而工作”。这个词也能当名词使用，其中的一个意思是“雇佣兵”〔coroner〕Coroner comes from Anglo-Norman corouner, a word derived fromcoroune, "crown.” Corouner was the term used for the royal judicial officer who was called in Latin custos placitorum coronae, or "guardian of the crown's pleas.” The person holding the office of coroner, a position dating from the 12th century, was charged with keeping local records of legal proceedings in which the crown had jurisdiction.He helped raise money for the crown by funneling the property of executed criminals into the king's treasury.The coroner also investigated any suspicious deaths among the Normans,who as the ruling class wanted to be sure that their deaths were not taken lightly. At one time in England all criminal proceedings were included in the coroner's responsibilities.Over the years these responsibilities decreased markedly,but coroners have continued to display morbid curiosity.In the United States, where there is no longer the crown, a coroner's main duty is the investigation of any sudden, violent, or unexpected death that may not have had a natural cause.Coroner 一词来源于盎格鲁-诺曼底语中的 corouner ， 是从coroune “王冠”变来的。 Corouner 是皇家司法官，在拉丁语叫 custos placitorum coronae 或“国王请求的保护者。” 起源于12世纪的这一职位，当时负责记录当地的国王具有裁判权的法律程序。持这一职位者通过收集死刑犯的财产入国库来为国王聚殓钱财。他也负责调查诺曼底人中任何可疑的死亡。因诺曼底人是统治阶级，他们希望确知他们的死没有被轻看。在英国曾由验尸官一度负责罪犯的全部事务。随着时间推移。这些责任明显减少，但仍继续显示对死亡的调查的兴趣。在美国，已不再有国王，验尸官的主要任务是调查任何突发的、剧烈的或预料不到的，大概无自然原因的死亡 |
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