| 单词 | 直至 |
| 释义 | 〔Nicomedia〕An ancient city of northwest Asia Minor near the Bosporus in present-day Turkey. It flourished from 264b.c. until it was sacked by Goths in a.d. 258. Diocletian chose it for the capital of his Eastern Roman Empire, but it was soon superseded by Byzantium. 尼科美底亚：位于小亚细亚西北部的一座古城，在当今土耳其境内临博斯普鲁斯海峡。自公元前 264年开始兴盛直至 公元 258年被哥特人掠走。戴科里先将它定为东罗马帝国的首都。但不久又被拜占庭取代 〔chicken〕Any of various foolhardy competitions in which the participants persist in a dangerous course of action until one loses nerve and stops.参与者坚持做一种危险性动作直至变得胆怯才停止鲁莽的竞赛〔Ternopol〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. in the Ukraine west-southwest of Kiev. Founded in 1540, it passed to Austria in 1772 and was later held by Poland (until 1939). Population, 182,000.特尔诺波尔：苏联西欧部分一城市，位于乌克兰境内基辅西南偏西。于1540年建立，1772年归属奥地利，后来归属波兰（直至1939年）。人口182,000〔mesmerism〕When the members of an audience sit mesmerized by a speaker,their reactions do not take the form of dancing, sleeping, or falling into convulsions.But if Franz Anton Mesmer were addressing the audience,such behavior could be expected.Mesmer, a visionary 18th-century physician,believed cures could be effected by having patients do thingssuch as sit with their feet in a fountain of magnetized waterwhile holding cables attached to magnetized trees.Mesmer then came to believe that magnetic powers resided in himself,and during highly fashionable curative sessions in Parishe caused his patients to have reactions ranging from sleeping or dancing to convulsions.These reactions were actually brought about by hypnotic powers that Mesmer was unaware he possessed.One of his pupils, named Puységur, then used the termmesmerism (first recorded in English in 1802) for Mesmer's practices. The related wordmesmerize (first recorded in English in 1829), having shed its reference to the hypnotic doctor, lives on in the sense "to enthrall.”当一群观众被一位演讲者深深吸引时，他们的反应方式不会是舞蹈、睡眠或哄堂大笑。但是如果换了弗兰茨·奥顿·梅斯梅尔来给这群听众作演讲的话，那么这些行为是有可能发生的。梅斯梅尔，这位18世纪眼光远大的医师，认为可以通过诸如以下方法来治疗疾病，即让病人把脚放在有磁性的水中，同时手执与磁力场相连接的电线。此后，梅斯梅尔又认为他自己体内就存在着磁力，并且他在巴黎推行他的治疗方法的过程中，他又使他的病人们作出了睡眠、舞蹈直至抽搐等各种反应。这些反应实际上是他所拥有的催眠力导致的，但他自己却不知道自己拥有这样的力量。后来，梅斯梅尔的一个叫做皮勒塞格尔的学生采用了mesmerism （在英语中始见于1802年）这一字眼来给梅斯梅尔的治疗方法命名。 另一相关词汇mesmerize （在英语中始见于1829年）则摒弃了与这位催眠医师的关系， 现在这个词意是“迷惑住”〔go〕To fight or dispute until one side or another is victorious:不见输赢不罢手：战斗或辩论直至一方胜利为止：〔meringue〕A topping for pastry or pies made of a mixture of egg whites and sugar beaten until stiff and often baked until brown.蛋白酥皮卷：将鸡蛋白与糖搅拌至发硬，然后烘烤直至棕色而制成的糕饼或馅饼皮〔Cremona〕A city of northern Italy on the Po River east-southeast of Milan. Originally a Roman colony, it was an independent commune in the Middle Ages until its surrender to Milan in 1334. Population, 80,758.克雷默那：意大利北部的一个城市，位于波河沿岸，米兰市的东南偏东方。它原先是罗马的一个殖民地，在中世纪时期是一个独立的行政区，直至1334年它被米兰兼并。人口80,758〔pouter〕One of a breed of pigeons capable of distending the crop until the breast becomes puffed out.球胸鸽：能将其嗪囊膨胀起直至胸部突起的鸽子〔Salvador〕A city of eastern Brazil on the Atlantic Ocean south-southwest of Recife. Founded in 1549, it was the capital of the Portuguese possessions in the New World until 1763. Population, 1,501,981.塞尔瓦多，巴伊亚：巴西东部一城市，位于累西腓西南偏南大西洋上，建立于1549年，直至1763年，它是葡萄牙在西半球占领地的首府。人口1,501,981〔yes〕The wordyes is a good example of how an ordinary and frequently used word can have a complex etymology. We can traceyes back to two Indo-European roots, .i-, a pronominal stem, and .es-, "to be.” From two extended forms of.i-, .yām and .yāi, came the prehistoric Common Germanic forms.jā and jai, which gave us Old Englishgeā, an affirmative particle, the source of Modern Englishyea. The Indo-European root.es- is the source of our forms am and is. From the stem.sī- used to make verb forms in the optative mood, a mood used to express a wish, came the Germanic form.sijai-, which gave us Old Englishsīe, "may it be so.” This form, unlike the sources ofam and is, died out, but before disappearing it had combined with Old Englishgēa to form the compound gēse, the ancestor of our wordyes. Thissīe was destined to have even more of a triumph. Until around 1600yea was used to respond to positive expressions, whereasyes was used to respond to negative expressions. After that timeyes became a response to both positive and negative expressions, yea surviving primarily in voice votes. yes 一词是说明一个普通常用词如何拥有一复杂词源的极好例证。 我们可以追溯yes 到两个印欧语词根， 代名词词干i- 和 es- “是”。 从i-的两种扩展形式，yam 和 yai， 形成了史前普通日耳曼语形式ja 和 jai, 它们又带来了古英语中的肯定虚词gea ， 这便是现代英语yea 的来源。 而印欧语词根es- 是我们 am 和 is 两形式的源头。 以is- ，一个用于制造祈愿语气动词的词干， 产生出日尔曼形式sijai-， 并由此形成了古英语sie, “希望如此”。 这种形式不象am 和 is 的词源，已经灭绝了， 但在消失之前，它已经和古英语gea 混合形成复合词 gese， 即我们的单词yes 的前身。 这个sie 注定要获取更大的胜利。 直至1600年左右，yea 还被用于回答肯定的陈述； 而yes 则用于回答否定陈述。 此后，yes 既可作肯定也可否定表达的回答， yea 则主要在口头投票时使用 〔Wallachia〕A historical region of southeast Romania between the Transylvanian Alps and the Danube River. Founded as a principality c. 1290, it was ruled by Turkey from 1387 until it was united with Moldavia to form Romania (1861).瓦拉几亚：罗马尼亚东南一历史地域，位于特兰西瓦尼亚山脉和多瑙河之间。该地于1290年作为一公国君主的领地建立起来，自1387年起处于土耳其统治之下，直至它与摩尔达维亚联合组成罗马尼亚(1861年）〔brown〕To cook until brown.烹调直至呈现棕（褐）色〔drain〕To deplete gradually, especially to the point of complete exhaustion.See Synonyms at deplete 耗尽：逐渐耗尽，尤指消耗直至完全枯竭 参见 deplete〔lap〕To polish (a surface) until smooth.磨亮，磨平：摩擦（某物品表面）直至光滑〔Grodno〕A city of western Belorussia the Neman River near the Polish border. Capital of an independent principality until 1398, Grodno was ruled at various times by Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Population, 247,000.格罗德诺：白俄罗斯西部的一城市，位于涅曼河上，靠近波兰边境。直至1398年，一直是独立公国的首都。格罗德诺在不同时期曾被立陶宛、波兰和俄罗斯统治。人口247,000〔reserve〕A fighting force kept uncommitted until strategic need arises.后备军人：未投入战斗而保留下来直至产生战略性需要的作战力量〔Rome〕The capital and largest city of Italy, in the west-central part of the country on the Tiber River. Traditionally founded by Romulus and Remus, it was ruled first by Etruscans, who were overthrown c. 500b.c. The Roman Republic gradually extended its territory and expanded its influence, giving way to the Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus (27 b.c. - a.d. 14). As capital of the empire, Rome was considered the center of the known world, but the city declined when Constantine transferred his capital to Byzantium (323). Alaric I conquered the city in 410, leading to a lengthy period of devastation by barbarian tribes. In the Middle Ages the city revived as the spiritual and temporal power of the papacy increased. During the 1800's Rome was held at various times by the French until it became the capital of Italy in 1871. Vatican City remains an independent enclave within the confines of Rome. Population, 2,830,569. 罗马：意大利的首都及最大城市，在该国中西部，濒临台伯河。传统上认为罗马由罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯创建，伊特鲁里亚人最先统治罗马，并于公元前 500年被推翻。罗马共和国逐渐扩展领土和扩大势力，在奥古斯都( 公元前 27年- 公元 14年）统治时期成为罗马帝国。罗马作为帝国的首都，被认为是世界的中心，当康斯坦丁把国都迁往拜占庭后(323年），罗马衰落了。阿拉里克一世于410年征服了罗马从而使野蛮部落给罗马带来长期毁灭性的灾难。中世纪时，随着教皇宗教和世俗权力的上升，罗马又恢复了生机。19世纪期间，罗马不时受到法国人的统治，直至1871成为意大利的首都。梵蒂冈仍为罗马境内独立的外国领地。人口2,830,569 〔Vargas〕Brazilian politician who led a successful revolution (1930) and was president (1930-1945 and 1951-1954) until resigning from office under pressure from the military.瓦加斯，格图利奥·多内勒斯：(1883-1954) 巴西政治家，他成功地领导了1930年的革命，并担任总统(1930-1945和1951-1954年）直至在军方的压力下从政府辞职〔Galen〕Greek anatomist, physician, and writer. His theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance.加伦：希腊解剖学家、内科医生和作家。他的理论奠定了欧洲医学的基础直至文艺复兴时期〔Cree〕A Native American people inhabiting a large area from eastern Canada west to Alberta and the Great Slave Lake. Formerly located in central Canada, the Cree expanded westward and eastward in the 17th and 18th centuries, the western Cree adopting the Plains Indian life and the eastern Cree retaining their woodland culture.克里族：一个居住在从加拿大东部西至亚伯达省直至大斯累伏湖之间广大地区的印第安族。克里族原先分布在加拿大中部地区，在17世纪和18世纪向西和向东扩展。西克里族采纳了大平原印第安人的生活，而东克里族则保留了他们的林区文化〔Indochina〕The former French colonial empire in southeast Asia, including much of the eastern part of the Indochinese peninsula. French influence extended from roughly 1862 to the fall of Dien Bien Phu (1954).印度支那：历史上法国在东南亚的殖民地，包括印度支那半岛东部的大部分。法国大约从1862年开始对这一地区施加影响，直至奠边府战役(1954年）结束〔Cush〕An ancient kingdom of Nubia in northern Sudan. It flourished from the 11th centuryb.c. to the 4th century a.d. , when its capital fell to the Ethiopians. 库施：努比亚的一个古王国，位于苏丹的北部地区。它从公元前 11世纪开始繁荣，直至 公元 4世纪时其首都被埃塞俄比亚人攻陷 〔echinococcus〕Any of several parasitic tapeworms of the genusEchinococcus, the larvae of which infect mammals and form large, spherical cysts in the liver or lungs, causing serious or fatal disease. 棘球绦虫：任一种棘球绦虫属 的带状寄生虫，它的幼虫能使哺乳动物感染，在它们的肝脏或肺中形成球状大囊泡，导致严重疾病直至死亡 〔Attu〕An island of southwest Alaska, the westernmost of the Aleutians. In World War II it was occupied by the Japanese from June 1942 until June 1943.阿图岛：位于阿拉斯加西南，阿留申群岛最西端的一座岛屿。第二次世界大战中于1942年6月直至1943年6月被日军侵占〔week〕A seven-day calendar period, especially one starting with Sunday and continuing through Saturday:星期：一段七天的日历期间，尤指把星期日当作起始日，连续下去直至星期六：〔carouse〕The origin of the wordcarouse can be found in a German interjection that meant "time to leave the bar.” Germangaraus, which is derived from the phrase gar ("all") aus ("out"), meaning "all out,” then came to mean "drink up, bottoms up,” and "a last drink before closing time.”The English borrowed this noun, with the meaning "the practice of sitting around drinking until closing time,”sometimes spelling the wordgaraus but usually spelling it closer to the way it is spelled today.Soon after the word is first recorded as a noun in 1559,we find the verbcarouse, in 1567. 单词carouse 的词源可以在意为“是离开酒吧的时候了”的日耳曼语感叹词中找到。 日耳曼语garaus 是从短语 gar （“所有的”） aus （“出去”），即“竭尽全力。全力以赴”的意思中衍生出来的； 接着又表示“喝光，干杯”和“打烊前的最后一杯”的意思。英语中借用这个名词，意为“坐着饮酒直至打烊的做法”；有时拼写成garaus ， 但通常其拼写更接近于现今的拼法。该词于1559年首次做名词记录下来后，我们很快地在1567年发现了动词carouse 〔defer〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to put off until a later time": 这些动词共有的主要的意思是“延迟直至稍晚一点儿的时间”： 〔mess〕messed with the blender until he broke it.他摆弄着那台搅拌器直至将它弄坏〔Dee〕A river of northern Wales and western England flowing about 113 km (70 mi) partially along the Welsh-English border to the Irish Sea.迪河：威尔士北部和英格兰西部一河流，流程113公里(70英里），部分沿威尔士一英格兰边境直至爱尔兰海〔automatic〕Capable of firing continuously until ammunition is exhausted or the trigger is released:自动的：能够持续连接射击直至弹药用光或松开扳机的：〔Rota〕An island of the western Pacific Ocean in the southern Mariana Islands north of Guam. The Japanese used it as a base for their attack on Guam on December 11, 1941. Rota remained in Japanese hands until the end of the war.罗塔岛：西太平洋中一座位于关岛西部的马里亚纳群岛上的岛屿。日本人于1941年12月11日袭击关岛时把它做为军事基地。后来一直在日本人的控制下，直至战争结束〔over〕Beyond or until a specified time:直到：超过或直至某特定时间：〔wingover〕A flight maneuver or stunt in which an airplane enters a climbing turn until almost stalled and is allowed to fall while the turn is continued until normal flight is attained in a direction opposite the original heading.横转，翻转：一种飞行技巧或特技，飞机首先进入爬升的动作，直至飞机几乎失速并允许下沉，但这个动作一直要继续到按与最初行向相反的方向能正常飞行时〔Minotaur〕A monster who was half man and half bull, to whom young Athenian men and women were sacrificed in the Cretan labyrinth until Theseus killed him.弥诺陶洛斯：半人半牛的怪物。它住在克里特岛的迷宫中并吃掉雅典进贡的童男童女直至被忒修斯杀死〔Caraway〕American legislator. Appointed to fill out her husband's term in the U.S. Senate in 1931, she became in 1932 the first elected woman senator and served until 1945.卡拉维，哈蒂·奥费利娅·怀亚特：(1878-1950) 美国议员。1931年被任命完成她丈夫在美国参议院的任期。1932年当选为第一名女参议员，任职直至1945年〔Huron〕A Native American confederacy formerly inhabiting southeast Ontario around Lake Simcoe, with small present-day populations in Quebec and northeast Oklahoma, where they are known as Wyandot. The Huron traded extensively throughout eastern Canada until the confederacy was destroyed by war with the Iroquois in the mid-17th century.休伦族：美洲土著居民的一个联盟，曾居住于安大略省东南西姆克湖周围，现在人数已很少，主要居于魁北克省和俄克拉荷马东北，在那里他们被称为怀安多特人。休伦人曾在整个加拿大东部广泛地从事贸易，直至17世纪中期与易洛魁人的战争中联盟被摧毁〔hamburger〕After having eaten countless hamburgers,one may perhaps be interested in knowing more about the origins of the name.By the middle of the 19th century people in Hamburg, Germany,the busiest port in West Germany today,enjoyed pounded beefsteak in some form.Perhaps brought to America by the large numbers of Germans who migrated around that time,this sort of dish with the nameHamburg steak may have appeared on a menu as early as 1836. The first recorded use ofHamburg steak is found in 1884 in the Boston Journal, withhamburger steak being first recorded in a Walla Walla, Washington, newspaper in 1889. A 1902 cookbook contains a recipe for Hamburg steak that is closer to our conception,a recipe using ground beef mixed with onion and pepper.The hamburger was on its way,as was the Americanismhamburger. 在吃完了数不清的汉堡包之后，人们可能会有兴趣更多地知道一些关于这个名字由来的知识。直至19世纪中叶住在德国汉堡，这个今日德国最为繁忙的港口的人们，喜欢把牛排捣碎成一定形状。也许是被当时的大量德国移民传至美洲，这道以Hamburg steak 命名的菜最早出现在菜单上是在1836年。 Hamburg steak 第一次见诸于铅字是在1884年的 波士顿日报 ， 而hamburger steak 第一次见诸于铅字是在1889年华盛顿州的沃拉沃拉市的一家报纸上。 到1902年烹饪书上关于汉堡牛排的调制法与我们今天的概念已经很接近了，就是用碎牛肉和洋葱与胡椒粉拌在一起。汉堡包已被广泛使用，如美国方式的hamburger 〔Semmes〕American Confederate naval officer who commanded theAlabama (1862-1864), which took a heavy toll on Union marine commerce until it was sunk by a Union ship off the coast of France (1864). 塞姆斯，拉斐尔：(1809-1877) 美国南部同盟海军军官，曾指挥阿拉巴马 号战舰(1862-1864年）沉重打击了联邦海上贸易，直至它于法国海岸边被一艘联邦战舰击沉(1864年） 〔Norman〕Of or being a style of Romanesque architecture that was introduced from Normandy into England before 1066 and that flourished until about 1200.罗马式建筑：有或是罗马式建筑形式的，于1066年前从诺曼底传入英格兰，繁荣直至1200年〔Dunois〕French military leader who was besieged at Orléans (1428-1429) until the arrival of Joan of Arc and her troops.迪努瓦斯，简·德：(1403?-1468) 法国军官，曾被围困于奥尔良（1428-1429年），直至圣女贞德率其部队到达 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。