| 单词 | 相对 |
| 释义 | 〔interfere〕To strike one hoof against the opposite hoof or leg while moving. Used of a horse.绊脚，相碰撞：一只蹄同相对的另一只蹄或腿之间相互碰撞。用于指马〔retrograde〕Opposite to the usual order; inverted or reversed.颠倒的：与通常顺序相对的；倒转的或颠倒的〔Dionysian〕Often dionysian In the philosophy of Nietzsche, of or displaying creative-intuitive power as opposed to critical-rational power. 常作 dionysian 疯狂的：尼采哲学中显示同批判理性相对的创造性热情〔well〕Used as an adjective applied to people,well usually refers to a state of health, whereasgood has a much wider range of senses. It has always been a first principle of grammatical criticism that there should be no difference without a distinction,and perhaps for this reason, some critics have insisted that the expressionfeel good cannot be used in reference to health. It is true that there is a distinction betweenfeel well and feel good, but both can be applied to a state of health.Thus a patient suffering from a chronic disease might appropriately say to a doctorI feel good today, which implies a relative lack of physical discomfort.By contrast,I feel well today would be appropriate if the patient believes that the ailment has disappeared. See Usage Note at good 用作形容词来形容人时，well 通常指健康状况， 但是good 的意思更加广泛。 在语法评论中，没有区别就没有差别一直是第一性原则，也许正是因为如此，一些批评家坚持认为feel good 这一表达方式不能用来指健康。 诚然，feel well 与 feel good 有区别， 但是两者都可用来指健康。所以一位患有慢性病的病人完全可以对医生说I feel good today（我今天感觉不错） ， 这句话暗示着病痛相对减轻了。相反，I feel well today（我今天感到全好了） 也可以，如果病人确信病症已消失了 参见 good〔Newport〕A city of northern Kentucky on the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati, Ohio. Laid out in 1791, it is an industrial center. Population, 18,871.纽波特：美国肯塔基州南部城市，隔俄亥俄河与辛辛那提相对。1791年被发现，为工业中心。人口18,871〔megafauna〕Large or relatively large animals, as of a particular region or period, considered as a group.巨大动物相：大或相对较大的动物，如在某一特定地区或时期的，被视为一个群体〔Fairhaven〕A town of southeast Massachusetts on Buzzards Bay opposite New Bedford. It was formerly a whaling port. Population, 16,132.费尔港：美国马萨诸塞东南部的一座城镇，在巴泽兹湾，与新贝德福德相对。曾经是一个捕鲸业港口。人口16,132〔versus〕"freedom of information versus invasion of privacy"(Ian Hamilton)“信息自由与抄袭侵权相对”(伊安·汉密尔顿)〔thick〕Relatively great in extent from one surface to the opposite, usually in the smallest solid dimension; not thin:厚的：从一面到相对面尺寸相对大的，常指立方体中最小的尺寸；不薄的：〔chapter〕One of the main divisions of a relatively lengthy piece of writing, such as a book, that is usually numbered or titled.章，回，篇：一部相对较长作品的一个主要部分，如通常标有页数和标题的书的〔Sothern〕American actor noted for many Shakespearean roles opposite his wife, Julia Marlowe.萨森，爱德华·休：(1859-1933) 美国演员，以在莎士比亚戏剧中扮演与其妻子朱丽亚·马娄相对的角色著称〔heavy〕Having relatively high density; having a high specific gravity.比重较大的：浓度相对较重的；重力大的〔star〕Any of the celestial bodies visible at night from Earth as relatively stationary, usually twinkling points of light.恒星：地球夜晚可见到的相对不动的，通常眨眼般闪烁的天体〔vanilla〕Relatively unoriginal, unexciting, or uninspiring; ordinary:平凡的：相对地没有新意的、不激动人心的或不鼓舞人心的；普通的：〔cherrystone〕The quahog clam when half-grown and of comparatively small size.小帘蛤：未长大的、相对体积较小的帘蛤〔Calais〕A city of northern France on the Strait of Dover opposite Dover, England. The city fell to the English in 1347 after a siege of 11 months and was retaken by the French in 1558. Population, 76,527.加来：法国北部的一座城市，位于多佛海峡同英格兰多佛相对。该城于1347年落入英国人手中，后又于1558年在被包围了11个月之后被法国人夺回。人口76,527〔thermostable〕Unaffected by relatively high temperatures, as certain ferments or toxins.恒温的：如某些发酵剂或毒素等不受相对高温影响的〔carryall〕A closed automobile with two lengthwise seats facing each other.封闭式汽车：一种带有两排纵长的相对座位的封闭式汽车〔contra〕In opposition to something stated or expected; to the contrary.相反地：与已陈述或预期的是相反；相对地〔brooch〕A relatively large decorative pin or clasp.饰针，胸针，领针：相对较大的装饰用别针或扣子〔obstruct〕ob- [against] * see ob- ob- [与…相对] * 参见 ob-〔mile〕A relatively great distance:相对很大的距离：〔decibel〕A unit used to express relative difference in power or intensity, usually between two acoustic or electric signals, equal to ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of the two levels.分贝：通常表示两个声音信号或电力信号在功率或强度方面的相对差别的单位，相当于两个水平的比率的常用对数的十倍〔liquid〕The state of matter in which a substance exhibits a characteristic readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse, and relatively high incompressibility.液态：物质的一种状态，指物质表现出易于流动，较少或没有分散的倾向以及相对较高的不可压缩性等特征〔sidearm〕Thrown with or marked by a sideways motion of the arm between shoulder and hip height and relatively parallel to the ground:体侧的：在肩膀和臀的高度之间且相对平行于地面，用手臂的侧向运动扔的或以此为特征的：〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔hothouse〕A heated greenhouse for plants that require an even, relatively warm temperature.温室：为需要恒定的，相对较高温度的植物所建的暖室〔state〕 Status usually applies to a person or thing considered in relation to others of the same class.With reference to persons it implies relative standing;with respect to things it is roughly equivalent tostate or situation : Status 通常指被认为与同类或同阶层有关的人或物。指人时暗指相对的地位；指物时大致等同于State 或 situation ： 〔arbor〕pl. ar.bo.res[ärʹbə-rēz'] A tree, as opposed to a shrub.【复数】 ar.bo.res[ärʹbə-rēz'] 乔木：与灌木相对的树〔cheek〕Something resembling the cheek in shape or position.两侧相对的物体：在形状或位置上象脸颊的东西〔curve〕A graphic representation showing the relative performance of individuals as measured against each other, used especially as a method of grading students in which the assignment of grades is based on predetermined proportions of students.成绩分布曲线：一种用来显示个人与他人比较时相对表现的图示，尤指用作给学生分等级的方法，这种分级法是建立在预先确定的学生比例之上的〔lenis〕Articulated with relatively low pressure of the airstream below the glottis, as English (b) and (d) compared with (p) and (t).发音较不费力的，微弱的：用声门下相对较低压力的气流发音的，如英语中的(b)和(d)与(p)和(t)相比较〔ferromagnetic〕Relating to or characteristic of substances such as iron, nickel, or cobalt and various alloys that exhibit extremely high magnetic permeability, the ability to acquire high magnetization in relatively weak magnetic fields, a characteristic saturation point, and magnetic hysteresis.铁磁的：具有类似铁、镍或钴以及各种合金性质的或与此类物质有关的，具有在相对较弱的磁场里获得极高磁性的能力和特有的饱和点及磁滞现象〔Davenport〕A city of eastern Iowa on the Mississippi River opposite Moline and Rock Island, Illinois. It grew rapidly after the first railroad bridge across the Mississippi was completed in 1856. Population, 95,333.达文波特：美国衣阿华州东部一城市，位于密西西比河畔，和伊利诺斯州的莫林和罗克岛相对，在1856年横穿密西西比河的第一座铁路桥建成后，迅速发展起来。人口95,333〔postindustrial〕Of or relating to a period in the development of an economy or a nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing lessens and that of services, information, and research grows.后工业化的：制造业的重要性相对减弱而服务业、信息业及科研工作的重要性相对加强的经济或国家之发展阶段的，或与之相关的〔light〕Of relatively little weight; not heavy:轻的：重量相对轻的；不重的：〔escarpment〕A steep slope or long cliff that results from erosion or faulting and separates two relatively level areas of differing elevations.峭壁，崖：由于腐蚀或断层作用，在两个相对海拔不同的水平地区产生的急斜面或高大的悬崖〔hammerbeam〕A short horizontal beam projecting inward at the top of an interior wall, used in opposite pairs instead of a tie beam as an attachment for rafters and a support for arched roof braces.锤梁：在内墙顶端往内伸出的平行短梁，取代结梁相对装设，作为连接椽并且为拱型屋顶的支撑物〔Prakrit〕Any of the vernacular and literary Indic languages recorded from the third centuryb.c. to the fourth century a.d. , as opposed to Sanskrit. 普拉克利特语：从公元前 3世纪至 公元 4世纪所记载的一种印度方言和文字，与梵文相对 〔infix〕An inflectional or derivational element appearing in the body of a word. In the Tagalog wordsinulat, "written,” the infix -in- appears as the marker of a passive form that contrasts with the active form sulat, "write.” 中缀，中加成分：一个单词中表示屈折变化或派生关系的成分。在他加禄语中，sinulat 一词表示“书面的”，中缀成分 -in- 表示被动的形式，与主动形式的动词 sulat “书写”相对 |
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