| 单词 | 相比 |
| 释义 | 〔bucket〕An insufficient or inconsequential amount in comparison with what is required.沧海一粟：与所需数量相比不足或不合理的〔anticlimax〕A decline viewed in disappointing contrast with a previous rise:突降：与先前的上升相比呈出令人失望的下降：〔vertical〕 Vertical and especiallyupright are often used to signify contrast with what is horizontal; the terms do not always imply an exact right angle: Vertical 和特别是upright 经常用来表达与水平相比； 这些词并不总是指确切的直角： 〔comparison〕A statement or estimate of similarities and differences.相比：相似性和差别的叙述或估计〔stack〕To measure up or equal:能得…相比，比得上：〔worry〕"Don't worry" is a much milder injunction than it once would have been,for the wordworry has softened its sense greatly over the course of its history. Its Old English ancestor,wyrgan, meant "to strangle.” Its Middle English descendant,worien, kept this sense and developed the new sense "to grasp by the throat with the teeth and lacerate" or "to kill or injure by biting and shaking.” This is the way wolves or dogs might attack sheep, for example.In the 16th centuryworry began to be used in the sense "to harass, as by rough treatment or attack,” or "to assault verbally,” and in the 17th century the word took on the sense "to bother, distress, or persecute.”It was a small step from this sense to the main modern senses "to cause to feel anxious or distressed" and "to feel troubled or uneasy,” first recorded in the 19th century.与过去相比，“别担心”这句话的命令意味减少了许多，因为随着历史的变迁worry 这个词的“攻击性”意味大大削弱了。 其古英语中的前身wyrgan, 意为“扼杀”。 在中世纪英语中的worien 保留了这个意思并衍生出一个新意思“用牙齿咬住喉咙并且撕裂”或“咬住并来回甩动以杀死或伤害”。 例如，这是狼或狗袭击羊的方式。16世纪，worry 开始含有“以粗暴手段或袭击方式来骚扰”，“口头攻击”的意思， 到了17世纪这个词产生了“干扰、使焦虑和烦扰”的意思。19世纪，这个词义向前发展了一点，产生了适用于当代的主要意思“使感到焦虑或痛苦”和“感到烦恼或不安”〔better〕I am better at math than English.和英语相比我更擅长数学〔beside〕a proposal that seems quite reasonable beside the others.一个与其它相比似乎相当合理的建议〔pity〕 Sympathy as it is compared here denotes the act of or capacity for sharing in the sorrows or troubles of another: Sympathy 与上面的词语相比，更强调与在受苦受难中的其他人共同分忧的能力或行为： 〔better〕More useful, suitable, or desirable than another or others:较适合的：比另一个或其他的相比更有用、更适合：〔overcapacity〕Too great a capacity for production of commodities or delivery of services in relation to actual need:生产能力过剩：与实际需要相比，过大的生产工业商品能力或过多的服务：〔riff〕"Those little riffs that had seemed to have such sparkle over drinks by the . . . pool look all too embarrassing in cold print"(John Richardson)“同毫无生气的印刷品中看起来极为窘迫的记者团相比，…那些短小的即兴谈话则好象浮在酒面的泡沫”(约翰·理查森)〔narrow〕Of small or limited width, especially in comparison with length.狭窄的：宽度小或有限的，尤指与长度相比〔compare〕To be worthy of comparison; bear comparison:相比，匹敌：有比较的价值；经得起比较：〔alligator〕Either of two large reptiles,Alligator mississipiensis of the southeast United States or A. sinensis of China, having sharp teeth and powerful jaws. They differ from crocodiles in having a broader, shorter snout. 短吻鳄：两种大型爬行动物，美国东南部的密西西比鳄 或中国的 扬子鳄 中一种，它们有尖利的牙齿和有力的颚部。和一般鳄鱼相比它们有更宽，更短的鼻子 〔paragon〕To compare; parallel.把…作比较；相比〔losingest〕Less successful or losing more often than any others of its kind:更多失败的：更少成功或与同类中其它的相比更多失败的：〔mascot〕The wordmascot, which usually denotes something or someone that brings good luck, enjoys a positive meaning that is a distinct improvement over the meanings of some of its ancestors. Mascot came into English as a borrowing of the French wordmascotte, meaning "mascot, charm.”The English word is first recorded in 1881 shortly after the French word, itself first recorded in 1867,was popularized by the operaLa Mascotte, performed in December 1880. The French word in turn came from the Modern Provençal wordmascoto, "piece of witchcraft, charm, amulet,”a feminine diminutive ofmasco, "witch.” This word can probably be traced back to Late Latinmasca, "witch, specter.”Perhaps a mascot is as powerful as people think;fortunately, it is now in our corner.mascot 这个词通常指能够带来好运的某物或某人， 与其最早来源的几个词的词意相比，这个词所具有的褒义色彩是明显的进步。 Mascot 是借自法语的mascotte， 意思是“符咒，魔力。”该法语词的记录1867年出现不久，就在1881年有了这个英语词汇的最早记录，因1880年12月演出的一出歌剧La Mascotte 而流传开来。 法语中单词来源于现代普罗旺斯语mascoto ， 意思是“女巫的魔法，魔术，护身符”，一个意为“女巫”的masco 的阴性小词。 这个词可能追溯到后期拉丁语的masca ， 意为“女巫，幻象”。或许吉祥物这个词是指象人们想的一样魔力无边；幸运的是，它被我们记录进来了〔better〕One that is greater in excellence or higher in quality than another or others.较优者：与其他的相比在优秀程度上更强或更好的东西〔elevation〕The height of a thing above a reference level; altitude.高度：与其他事物相比的某个事物所在的高度；高度〔trivial〕"He . . . considered the prize too paltry for the lives it must cost" (John Lothrop Motley). “他…认为奖金与它所夺去的生命相比太微不足道了” （约翰·洛斯罗浦·莫特莱）。〔better〕Greater in excellence or higher in quality than another of the same class, set, or kind.较好的：与其他同类相比具有更高或更好品质的〔grand〕Having higher rank than others of the same category:高阶的：与同类事物相比地位更高的：〔contrast〕In contrast with (or less frequently, to ) his early works, the later plays are brittle and highly theatrical. 与其早期的作品相比（或不经常用的 to ） ，其晚期的戏剧敏感且极富戏剧性。 〔excel〕 Transcend often implies the attainment of a level so high that comparison is hardly possible: Transcend 经常意味着达到如此高的水平以致于其它东西很难与其相比： 〔slender〕Having little width in proportion to height or length; long and thin:瘦长的，细长的：与高度或长度相比宽度很小的；长而细的：〔upsilon〕from psilon [neuter of] psilos [simple (written with one letter as opposed to two)] 源自 psilon psilos的中性 [单个（同两个字母相比只有一个字母）] 〔massive〕Large in comparison with the usual amount:大量的：与平时数量相比多的：〔than〕She is a better athlete than I.与我相比她是个更好的运动员〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔slim〕Small in girth or thickness in proportion to height or length; slender.苗条的，修长的：与高度或长度相比周长或厚度小的；纤细的〔lite〕Having less substance or weight or fewer calories than something else:轻，清淡：相比其他事物内容较少，重量较轻或卡路里含量较低：〔disinterested〕a proportion that is not significantly different from the 93 percent who disapproved of the same usage in an earlier survey.与前一段统计中不赞成这一同样用法的比率百分之九十三相比，没有什么大的差别〔stepchild〕"Demography has a reputation for being the stepchild of . . . economics"(Louis Pol)“与经济学相比，人口统计学被认为没有受到足够的重视”(路易斯·波尔)〔with〕In comparison or contrast to:与…相比；与…对照： |
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