| 单词 | 真是 |
| 释义 | 〔foolish〕"Clara's conceited assumption of a universal interest in her dull children was ridiculous" (Arnold Bennett).“克拉尔自负地认为人们都十分喜欢她的几个死板的孩子真是可笑” （阿诺德·贝内特）。〔ax〕Ax, a common nonstandard variant of ask, is often identified as an especially salient feature of African American Vernacular English. While it is true that the form is frequent in the speech of African Americans, it used to be common in the speech of white Americans as well, especially in New England. This should not be surprising since ax is a very old word in English, having been used in England for over 1,000 years. In Old English we find both āscian and ācsian, and in Middle English both asken and axen. Moreover, the forms with cs or x had no stigma associated with them. Chaucer used asken and axen interchangeably, as in the lines "I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf" and "Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle,” both from The Canterbury Tales. The forms in x arose from the forms in sk by a linguistic process called metathesis, in which two sounds are reversed. The x thus represents (ks), the flipped version of (sk). Metathesis is a common linguistic process around the world and does not arise from a defect in speaking. Nevertheless, ax has become stigmatized as substandard—a fate that has befallen other words, like ain't, that were once perfectly acceptable in literate circles. ask 的一般非标准变体 ax 常被认为是美国黑人英语极为显著的特色。尽管美国黑人在交谈中的确使用ax这种形式，但美国白人也在口语中普遍使用它，尤其是新英格兰的白人。不必对此表示惊奇，因为 ax 是个很古老的英语词汇，在英语中至少使用了1000年以上。古英语中有 āscian 和 ācsian, ，中古英语中有 asken 和 axen 。而且，带 cs 或 x 的形式同不好的含义无关。乔叟在下文中交替使用 asken 和 axen ："I wol aske, if it hir will be/To be my wyf（我问道，这是真是幻/将成为我的妻子）”和"Men axed hym, what sholde bifalle（人们问他，会降临什么）”，这两句话都出自 《坎特伯利故事集》 。带 sk 的形式经由 换位 的语言过程产生带 x 的形式，换位就是将两个音位置颠倒。因此 x 表示(ks)的发音，即(sk)的翻转发音。换位是世界通用的语言过程并且不会造成交谈中的欠缺。但 ax 已被记作非标准用法──同样降临在曾一度被知识界完全接受的其它单词（如 ain't ）的命运 〔weak〕"Frail is our happiness, if this be so" (John Milton).What isfragile is easily broken, damaged, or destroyed: “脆弱是我们的幸福，如果真是那样的话” （约翰·弥尔顿）。Fragile 的意思是易折断的、易受损的或被毁坏的； 〔haimish〕"It is very gentle and sweet up here. It's . . . sort of haimish"(Janet Malcolm)“这儿天气温和怡人，真是舒服极了”(珍尼特·马尔科姆)〔dadgum〕Used as an intensive to express mild annoyance.See Regional Note at damned 唉，真是：用来表示微恼的语气强调词 参见 damned〔rather〕This use ofhad shows an unbroken line of usage running back to Middle English, and traditional criticisms of these constructions are unfounded. ·Before an unmodified noun onlyrather a is used: It was rather a disaster. When the noun is preceded by an adjective, however, bothrather a and a rather are found: It was rather a boring party. It was a rather boring party. Whena rather is used in this construction, rather can be construed as qualifying only the adjective, whereas withrather a it can be construed as qualifying either the adjective or the entire noun phrase. Thusa rather long ordeal can mean only "an ordeal that is rather long,” whereasrather a long ordeal can also mean roughly "a long process that is something of an ordeal.” Rather a is the only possible choice when the adjective itself does not permit modification: The horse was rather a long shot (not The horse was a rather long shot ). See Usage Note at better 1should Had 的这种使用方法可以一直追溯到中古英语， 但历史上并没有对此方法批评的记载。在一个没有修饰词的名词前，一般只使用rather a ： 真是一场灾难。 但当名词前有形容词时，rather a 和 a rather 就都能使用了： It was rather a boring party 。It was a rather a boring party 。 在这种搭配中，如果使用a rather ， rather 只是用来修饰这个形容词； 如果使用rather a， 那么同时修饰形容词和名词，即可认为修饰形容词也可以为修饰名词词组。 因此a rather long ordeal 的意思仅指布道很长， 而rather a long ordeal 则可概略地指一个“像布道似的漫长过程。” 如果形容词本身没有引申义，那么就只能使用rather a ： The horse was rather a long shot （而不是 The horse was a rather long shot ) 参见 better1should〔sweet〕It was sweet of him to help out.他愿帮助我摆脱困难真是仁慈〔wit〕"A drayman in a passion [a rage] calls out, ‘You are a pretty fellow,’ without suspecting that he is uttering irony" (Macaulay).See also Synonyms at mind “激动［生气］ 的卡车司机叫道，‘你真是个好家伙，’表达的意思无疑是反语” （麦考利） 参见同义词 mind〔moving〕The homecoming of the released hostages and their reunion with their families was an affecting scene. 被释人质重返家园与家人团聚真是令人感动的场景 〔prodigious〕No one would now say, as did a character in Fanny Burney'sEvelina (1778), "You are prodigiously kind!”But this utterance, exclamation point and all,illustrates two important points about intensives, linguistic elements,such asextremely or awfully, that provide force or emphasis.One point is that we press words that originally had other meanings into service as intensives.Prodigiously is an adverb formed on prodigious, which meant such things as "ominous, amazing, enormous,” going back to the Latinprōdigiōsus, "portentous, marvelous, unnatural.”Prodigiously, first recorded in 1595, meant "portentously, ominously,”and was later used to mean "wonderfully, astonishingly,”therefore making a perfect candidate for use as an intensive.The other point about intensives illustrated byprodigiously is that they go in and out of fashion. The character inEvelina used prodigiously in a way that was no doubt very stylish; no one would find it so today.Perhaps the main reason for such shifts in the use of these intensives is that once they have been used for a whilethey no longer intensify.现在没有人会象芬妮·伯尼的小说埃维莉娜 (1778年）中的人物那样说， “您真是太好了!”但这种说法，感叹号和全句，说明了关于加强语气的重要两点，如extremely 或 awfully 这样的语言要素， 具有加强语气或表示强调的作用。要点之一是我们把一些最初有其他意思的词当作了加强语气的词来使用。Prodigiously 是在意为“不祥的，惊人的，巨大的”的形容词 prodigious 基础上形成的副词， 可追溯到拉丁词prodigiosus， 意思是“不祥的，奇异的，不自然的。”Prodigiously 最早记录于1595年， 意为“预兆性地，不祥地，”后来意为“奇妙地，惊人地，”因此很适于用作强调词。Prodigiously 说明的关于强调词的另一个要点是这些词流行一时然后就过时了。 埃维莉娜 中的人物使用 prodigiously 的方式无疑是很时髦的； 但今天已没有人这样用了。或许这些强调词用法变换的主要原因是一旦这些词被使用了一段时间后，其加强语气或强调作用就不再明显了〔aggro〕"Nat was aggro . . . Not content to ride in a straight line across the wave's face, Nat was a pioneer of the vertical move"(Kem Nunn)“奈特真是新潮…不满足于在波浪上滑直线，他是直立移动动作的先锋”(凯姆·纳恩)〔smoke〕The band was really smoking in the second set.乐队在第二段的表演真是热力四射〔production〕proposed on his knees, making a real production of it.下跪求婚，真是小题大做〔screamer〕The comedian's act is a real screamer.那个喜剧演员的表演真是令人捧腹〔stinker〕The interview was a real stinker.会谈真是一个难题〔pity〕It's a pity she can't attend the reception.她不能参加招待会，真是遗憾〔fun〕"You're a real fun guy"(Margaret Truman)“你真是个有趣的人”(玛格丽特·杜鲁门)〔up〕After receiving the award, the performer was really up.在接受了颁奖后，这位表演者真是喜不自禁〔rogue〕My little brother is such a rogue!我的小弟真是个捣蛋鬼〔fussy〕"It can indeed be fussy, filling with ornament what should be empty space"(H.D.F. Kitto)“本来应该空出来的地方却堆满了装饰品，真是多余”(H.D.F.基托)〔letdown〕The cancellation of the game was a real letdown.比赛取消真是令人失望〔decent〕very decent of them to lend you money.他们借给你钱真是好〔strange〕Such poise is singular in one so young.这样年青的人便表现出这样的泰然自若真是让人惊异。〔murder〕The rush hour traffic is murder.交通高峰时间真是难以忍受之事〔supererogatory〕"It was supererogatory for her to gloat"(Mary McCarthy)“她也在一旁幸灾乐祸地看得出神，真是多余”(玛丽·麦卡锡)〔marry〕Used as an exclamation of surprise or emphasis.唉呀，真是：用于表示惊讶或强调的感叹词〔thoughtful〕It was thoughtful of you to bring flowers.你带花来真是考虑周全。〔mercy〕It was a mercy that no one was hurt.没有人受伤真是幸运〔treat〕A day in the country is a real treat for a city person.对一个生活在城市中的人来说，在乡下呆上一天真是一件乐事〔dainty〕"No dainty rhymes or sentimental love verses for you, terrible year"(Walt Whitman)“没有优雅的韵律和多愁善感的诗句可给你，真是难以忍受的一年”(沃尔特·惠特曼)〔ape〕The fans at the concert were really ape.音乐会上乐迷们真是如痴如狂〔it〕He thinks he's it. That steak was really it!他一直以为自己是最佳人选。那牛排真是不错！〔but〕Traditional grammarians have worried over what form the pronoun ought to take whenbut is used to indicate an exception in sentences such as No one but I (or No one but me ) has read it. Some have argued thatbut is a conjunction in these sentences and therefore should be followed by the nominative formI. However, many of these grammarians have gone on to argue somewhat inconsistentlythat the accusative formme is appropriate when the but phrase occurs at the end of a sentence, as inNo one has read it but me. While this treatment of the construction has a considerable weight of precedent on its sideand cannot be regarded as incorrect,a strong case can be made on grammatical grounds for treating this use ofbut as a preposition. For one thing, ifbut were truly a conjunction here, we would expect the verb to agree in person and number with the noun or pronoun followingbut; we would then sayNo one but the students have read it. What is more, ifbut were a true conjunction here we would not expect that it could be moved to the end of a clause, as inNo one has read it but the students. Note that we cannot use the conjunctionand in a similar way, saying John left and everyone else in the class in place of John and everyone else in the class left. These observations suggest thatbut is best considered as a preposition here and followed by accusative forms such asme and them in all positions: No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me. These recommendations are supported by 73 percent of the Usage Panel when thebut phrase precedes the verb and by 93 percent when thebut phrase follows the verb. · But is redundant when used together with however, as in But the army, however, went on with its plans; one or the other word should be eliminated. ·But is generally not followed by a comma. Correct written style requiresKim wanted to go, but we stayed, not Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed. · But may be used to begin a sentence at all levels of style. See Usage Note at and ,cannot ,doubt ,however ,I 1传统的语法学家考虑当but 用于表示例外的意思时应该用什么形式的代词，比如 No one but I （或者 No one but me ) has read it 。 有人认为but 在这种句子中是个连词， 因此应该使用主格I。 然而许多语法学家接下来的讨论有些不一致，即当but 短语出现在句子末尾时用宾格 me 比较合适， 如No one has read it but me（除我以外没有人读过它）。 同时这种结构前置处理的重要性是值得考虑的，并且不会被认为是不正确的，一个有力的例子在语法范畴内，认为but 在这里作介词使用。 首先如果but 在此真是一个连词的话， 我们会期望同名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致的动词跟在but 后面； 我们会说No one but the students have read it（除学生以外没有人读过它）。 再者，如果but 在此真是连词的话，我们不希望它被放在句子末尾， 如在句子No one has read it but the students 中。 注意我们不以类似的方式来使用连词and ，说 John left and everyone else in the class 来代替 John and everyone else in the class left。 这些发现表明but 在此最好被当作介词， 在任何位置后面都应跟宾格形式如me 和 them ： No one but me has read it. No one has read it but me（除了我没人读过它）。 当but 短语放在动词之前时，有百分之七十三的用法专题使用小组成员支持这些提议； 而当but 短语放在动词之后时，得到百分之九十三的小组成员的支持。 But 在同 however 一起使用时是多余的，如 But the army, however, went on with its plans； 这两个词必须去掉其中一个。But 通常后面不加逗号。 正确的写法是Kim wanted to go, but we stayed, 而不是 Kim wanted to go, but, we stayed 。 But 可以放在所有文体标准的句子开头 参见 and,cannot,doubt,however,I1〔chortle〕“‘O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!’ He chortled in his joy.”Perhaps Lewis Carroll would chortle a bit himself to find that people are still using the wordchortle, which he coined in Through the Looking-Glass, published in 1872. In any case,Carroll had constructed his word well, combining the wordschuckle and snort to create it. This type of word is called a blend or a portmanteau word.InThrough the Looking-Glass Humpty Dumpty uses portmanteau to describe the word slithy, saying, "It's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word" (the meanings being "lithe" and "slimy").“‘噢，今天真是太棒了’他高兴地大笑着说”。也许刘易斯·卡罗尔发现人们还在使用他1872年出版的透过镜子 一书中创造的 chortle 一词时，他自己会大笑起来。 无论怎样，卡罗尔把chuckle 一词和 snort 一词结合起来创造的这个词，创造得很不错。 这种形式的词称为混合词或合成词。在透过镜子 一书中矮胖子用 portmanteau（合成词） 一词描述 slithy 一词说， “它象个混成词--有两个意思加在一起放进一个词中”（意思是“柔软的”和“粘性的”）〔hoot〕"Emmett, that skirt is a hoot!”(Bobbie Ann Mason)“爱米特，那条裙子真是滑稽”(鲍比·安·梅森)〔royal〕"It would be a first-class royal mess"(Sam Nunn)“那将真是一团糟”(萨姆·努恩)〔handful〕The hyperactive toddler is a real handful.这个还在学走路的却极其活跃的小孩真是难以控制 |
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