| 单词 | 确切 |
| 释义 | 〔expressly〕In an express or a definite manner; explicitly:明白地，显然地，确切地：快速或肯定的方式地；显示地：〔WYSIWYG〕Relating to or being a word-processing or desktop publishing system in which the screen displays text exactly as it will be printed.所见即所得的，直接可视的：关于或作为字处理或台式打印系统的，在系统中屏幕确切地显示出即将打印的文稿〔true〕Unswervingly; exactly:准确地：不动摇地；确切地：〔pin〕The reporter pinned the governor down on the issue of capital punishment.记者强求州长在死刑问题上发表确切看法〔express〕their express wish.See Synonyms at explicit 他们的确切愿望 参见 explicit〔big〕In a thorough or unmistakable way; emphatically:断然地：完全地或确切无疑地；显著地：〔literally〕Really; actually:真实地；确切地：〔exactly〕In an exact manner; accurately.精确地，确切地：以精确的方式；准确地〔superfecta〕A method of betting in which the bettor, in order to win, must pick the first four finishers of a race in the correct sequence.超级正序连赢赌：一种赌博方法，博彩者必须选定赛马中头四匹马的确切名次才能赢〔Kenyon〕British archaeologist who led the expedition that is credited with determining the accurate date and location of the walls of Jericho.凯恩，凯斯琳·玛丽：(1906-1978) 英国考古学家，领导了因确定耶利哥城墙的确切时期和地点而闻名的探险〔midnight〕The middle of the night, specifically 12 o'clock at night.子夜，午夜：半夜，确切指夜里12点钟〔determinacy〕The condition of being determined or characterized.确切：被决定或被表征的状态〔agnostic〕An agnostic does not deny the existence of God and heaven, for example,but rather holds that one cannot know for certain if they exist or not.The termagnostic was fittingly coined by the 19th-century British scientist Thomas H. Huxley, who believed that only material phenomena were objects of exact knowledge.He made up the word from the prefixa-, meaning "without, not,” as in amoral, and the noun Gnostic. Gnostic is related to the Greek word gnōsis, "knowledge,” which was used by early Christian writers to mean "higher, esoteric knowledge of spiritual things";hence,Gnostic referred to those with such knowledge. In coining the termagnostic, Huxley was considering as "Gnostics" a group of his fellow intellectuals—"ists,” as he called them—who had eagerly embraced various doctrines or theories that explained the world to their satisfaction. Because he was a "man without a rag of a label to cover himself with,”Huxley coined the termagnostic for himself, its first published use being in 1870. 举例来说，不可知论者并不否认上帝和天堂的存在，但却认为无法确切知道他们的存在与否。术语agnostic 这个词是由19世纪的英国科学家托马斯·H·赫胥黎巧妙地创造出来的， 他认为只有物质现象才是确切意识的对象。他用意为“没有，无”的前缀a-， 如在 amoral 中和名词 Gnostic造词。 Gnostic与希腊词 gnosis 有关，指“意识”， 曾被早期的基督教作家用来表达“关于精神玄奥的、神秘的意识”。因此agnostic 就指那些有这类意识的人。 在创造agnostic 这个词时，赫胥黎把他的同伴知识分子──“学家”，认为是“可知论者”，就象他这样称呼他们一样── 他们急切地吸收各种信条或理论来随意地解释世界。因为赫胥黎“是个没有任何标签来掩饰自己的人”，他为自己创造了agnostic 这个词，1870年这个词首次用于出版物中 〔speculate〕To assume to be true without conclusive evidence:推测：没有确切证据地推测：〔tenor〕The exact meaning or actual wording of a document as distinct from its effect.要旨：与文件的效用区分开的文件的确切含义或实际措词〔shyster〕The origin ofshyster was not known for certain until recently. According to one etymology,shyster comes from the surname of one Scheuster, a disreputable and almost certainly nonexistent mid-19th-century attorney.In his bookHuman Words, a collection of words formed from the names of people, Robert Hendrickson says that Dr. Henry Bosley Woolf and others "list the New York advocate as a possible source.”But the actual etymology, according to Gerald L. Cohen, a student of the word,is less flattering.According to this etymology,the word is derived from the German termscheisser, meaning literally "one who defecates,”from the verbscheissen, "to defecate,” with the English suffix-ster, "one who does,” substituted for the German suffix -er, meaning the same thing. Sheisser, which is chiefly a pejorative term, is the German equivalent of our English termsbastard and son of a bitch. Sheisser is generally thought to have been borrowed directly into English as the word shicer, which, among other things, is an Australian English term for an unproductive mine or claim,a sense that is also recorded for the wordshyster. shyster 一词的来源直到最近才能较确切地弄清楚。 根据词源，shyster 来自一个叫 Scheuster 的人的姓， 他是一位声名狼籍而且很可能并不存在的19世纪中期的律师。罗伯特·亨德里克森在他的人类词汇 （一本由人名组成的词汇集）一书中说， 亨利·博斯利·任尔夫博士和其他的人“将纽约的鼓吹者列为一种可能的出处”。但是据加兰德·L·科恩——一位研究词汇的学生看来，这个词的真正词源更令人不快。根据这种词源，这个词来自德语Scheisser， 字面意义为“大便的人”，是从动词scheissen “排泄”而来， 用一英语词缀-ster （做…的人）代替了表相同意义的德语词缀 -er 。 Sheisser 主要用作贬蔑语， 在德语中相当于我们英语中bastard 及 son of a bitch。 Sheisser一般被认为是直接借入英语作为 Schicer 一词， 在澳式英语中指不再产出的矿山或没有结果的要求，这一意义也被记录在Shyster 这个词中 〔literally〕Abbr. lit.In a literal or strict sense:缩写 lit.完全地，认真的：在确切或严格的意义上：〔account〕A precise list or enumeration of financial transactions.帐：关于经济活动的确切清单或数据〔literal〕Being in accordance with, conforming to, or upholding the exact or primary meaning of a word or words.照字面的：与一词或数个词的确切或主要意义一致的；依照或维持这一意义的〔carry〕A non-Southerner is always amused when a Southerner offers to "carry" rather than to drive him or her somewhere,imagining it to be an invitation to be picked up and bodily lugged to the destination.However, the verbcarry, which to Southerners means "to transport (someone) in a motor vehicle, such as an automobile,” is etymologicallymore precise in the Southern usage than anywhere else.Carry derives from the Latin noun carrus, "cart,” from which we get the nounscarriage and our modern car. Therefore,carry is more closely related to car than is drive, which only makes literal sense if the vehicle is drawn by a team of animals.当一个南方人提出把一个非南方人“运送”而不是开车带到某地时，这个非南方人总是觉得好笑，会以为是一个把他或她“拖运”到某地的邀请。然而，carry 这个动词对南方人来说意思是“用机动车辆（例如汽车）运送某人，” 从词源学的角度来讲，该词在南部的用法比在其它任何地方者更为确切。Carry 一词从拉丁语中的名词 carrus “货车”发展而来， 从此我们又得到了名词carriage 和现在的 car 。 因此，carry 比 drive 而更为与 car 的关系密切， 因为如果一辆车由一组动物拉着，那么它就只能表示字面上的意思〔sure〕Certainly; unquestionably: 确切地；毫无疑问地：〔truly〕Truthfully; accurately:真实地；确切地：〔express〕Definitely and explicitly stated:详细说明的：确切地和清楚地陈述的：〔imagination〕The formation of a mental image of something that is neither perceived as real nor present to the senses.想象，虚构：对既无法看到，又无法确切感受到的事物在脑海中形成印象的过程〔lemon〕Although we know neither where the lemon was first grownnor when it first came to Europe,we do know from its name alone that it came to us from the Middle East,because we can trace its etymological path.One of the earliest if not the earliest occurrences of our word is found in a Middle English customs document of 1420-1421.The Middle English word, which was of the formlimon, goes back to Old Frenchlimon, showing that yet another delicacy passed into England through France.The Old French word probably came from Italianlimone, another step on the route that leads back to the Arabic wordlaymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian wordlīmūn. 虽然我们既不知道柠檬是在哪儿被最早种植的，也不知道它是什么时候传到欧洲的，但是我们却能单从它的名字确切地判断出它是从中东地区传到我们的，因为我们可以追溯出它的语源的发展道路。如果不是最早出现的话，最早的发现记录于1420年至1421年之间的一份中古英语海关文件中。这个中古英语单词的形式是limon ， 可以追溯到古代法语中的limon 一词， 它表明又一种美味佳肴由法国传入了英国。这个古代法语单词很可能来源于意大利单词limone ， 这就更朝前一步地回到了阿拉伯语中的laymun 或 limun ， 这一单词来源于波斯语limun 〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔cabal〕"Espionage is quite precisely it—a cabal of powerful men, working secretly"(Frank Conroy)“间谍活动确切地说——是一个由能力强的人组成的阴谋集团，从事秘密的活动”(弗兰克·康罗伊)〔window〕The wordwindow conceals a poetic image that is not at all transparent. Our word comes to us from the Scandinavian invaders and settlers of England in the early Middle Ages.Although we have no record of the exact word they gave us,it was related to Old Norsevindauga, "window,” a compound made up ofvindr, "wind,” and auga, "eye,” reflecting the fact that at one time windows contained no glass.In our time we have takenwindow, which has been recorded in the language for almost 800 years, in a figurative direction with phrases such aslaunch window, weather window, and window of opportunity or vulnerability. Rockets and missiles now travel through the "wind's eye.”window 这个词掩盖了一个不明显的富有诗意的意象。 这个词是中世纪初由斯堪的纳维亚入侵者和英格兰的开拓者带来的。尽管没有确切记录这个词是什么，但它与古斯堪的纳维亚语中的vindouga 有关系，“窗户”， 是由vindr “风”，和 auga “眼睛”组成的复合词， 这反映出窗户在当时是没有玻璃的。在现代我们用的window 已有记录近800年了， 现在它已有了比喻意义，如在短语最佳发射时段, 海面平静期, 和 window of opportunity 或 vulnerability。 火箭和导弹现在要穿过“风的眼睛”〔word〕In precisely those words; exactly: 用明确的语言；确切地：〔mediterranean〕When one hears the wordmediterranean, one thinks of a specific placeand perhaps of the great cultures that have surrounded it.But the word can also apply to any large body of water that is surrounded completely or almost completely by dry land.This usage goes back to the use in Late Latin of the Latin wordmediterrāneus, the source of our word,as part of the nameMediterrāneum mare for the mostly landlocked Mediterranean Sea. But Latinmediterrāneus, which is derived from medius, "the middle of, the heart of,” and terra, "land,” in Classical Latin actually meant "remote from the coast, inland.”In Late Latin,in referring to the sea,mediterrāneus probably meant originally "in the middle of the earth"rather than "surrounded by land,”for to the Mediterranean cultures without knowledge of much of the earth,the Mediterranean Sea was in the center of the world.Our wordmediterranean is first recorded in English in 1594 as the name of the sea.当一个人听说mediterranean 这个词时， 他所想到的是一具体的地方，而且可能还想到了这个地方周围的那些伟大文明。但这个词同样可以用来指任何几乎被陆地所包围或完全被陆地所包围的大水体。这个用法可以追溯到近代拉丁文中mediterraneus 这个词， 就是我们这个词的词源，亦即表绝大部分被陆地所包围的地中海的名称Mediterraneum mare 的组成部分。 但是拉丁词mediterraneus ，从 medius 意为“…中间的，…的中心”派生而来的，以及意为“陆地”的 terra 这个词， 在古典拉丁语中的确切含义为“远离海岸的，内陆的”。在近代拉丁语中，当mediterraneus 这个词用来指地中海时， 其最早的含义可能是“在地球中央的”，而不是“被陆地所包围的”，因为对于缺乏有关地球知识的各地中海文明来说，地中海就是世界的中心。我们这里所说的英语单词mediterranean 最早于1594年出现于英语中， 也是用来指地中海〔dead〕Directly; exactly:直接地；确切地：〔station〕The exact place of occurrence of a species or individual within a given habitat.出没地：某栖居地中的物种或个体出现的确切地点〔truly〕reported the matter truly.确切地报告这一事件 |
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