| 单词 | 社会 |
| 释义 | 〔prognosticate〕urban architectural renewal that prognosticates a social and cultural renaissance.预示社会和文化复兴的城市建筑的翻新〔evil〕the social evils of poverty and injustice.贫困和不公的社会弊端〔standing〕Status with respect to rank, reputation, or position in society or a profession.级别，地位：在社会或职业中的地位、名声或身份〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔Steinbeck〕American writer of short stories and novels, most notablyThe Grapes of Wrath (1939), which concerns the social and economic plight of migrant farm workers in California. He won the 1962 Nobel Prize for literature. 斯坦贝克，约翰·恩斯特：(1902-1968) 美国短篇小说作家，最著名作品《愤怒的葡萄》 （1939年），是关于加利福尼亚移民农场工人的社会和经济上的困境，他获得1962年诺贝尔文学奖 〔reconstruct〕To cause to adapt to social or economic change.修整：使之适应于社会或经济变化〔blackball〕ostracized by the community for immoral activities. admit 因为道德败坏的行为被社会所排斥 admit〔mean〕Low in social status; of humble origins.社会地位低下的；出身寒微的〔multiracialism〕Equality of political representation and social acceptance in a society made up of various races.多人种的和睦相处：在多种族的社会里政治代表和社会认可的平等性〔Guthrie〕American folk singer and composer of numerous songs about hardship and social injustice. His best-known composition is "This Land Is Your Land" (1940).格思里，伍德罗·威尔逊：(1912-1967) 美国民歌手，作了许多描写生活艰辛和社会不公的歌曲。他最有名的作品是“这片土地是你的土地”（作于1940年）〔conventionality〕conventionalities The rules of conventional social behavior. conventionalities 惯例：符合习俗的社会行为举止之准则〔Jewess〕As a Jewish woman, Rosa Luxemburg was doubly sensitive to the discrimination that underlay social attitudes in late 19th-century Europe. See Usage Note at Negress 作为一位犹太妇女，罗莎·卢森堡对欧洲19世纪后叶以来形成的社会态度中的歧视有双重的敏感 参见 Negress〔bid〕"glancing around to be sure that he had been bid by a society that he wanted"(Louis Auchincloss)“扫视四周以确认自己已被他需要的社会所接纳”(路易斯·奥金克洛斯)〔organicism〕The concept that society is analogous to a biological organism.社会有机论：关于社会相似于有机体的理论观念〔Ulbricht〕German politician who was general secretary of East Germany's Socialist Unity Party (1953-1971) and chairman of the council of state (1960-1973). He ordered the building of the Berlin Wall (1961).乌布利希，沃尔特：(1893-1973) 德国的政治家，曾任东德社会统一党总书记(1953-1971年）和国务院主席(1960-1973年）。他下令建起了柏林墙(1961年）〔warehouse〕To institutionalize (people) in usually deficient housing and in conditions in which medical, educational, psychiatric, and social services are below par or absent:不良安置：把（人）置入到医疗、教育、精神病和社会服务低于社会平均水平或根本不存在这些服务的差劲的房子或条件中去：〔social〕social problems; a social policy.社会福利问题；社会福利政策〔shameless〕These adjectives apply to people and personal behavior that are in defiance of social or moral proprieties and are marked by a bold lack of shame.这些形容词用于指偏离社会或道德品质，并以厚颜无耻为显著特征的人及个人行为。〔useful〕a useful job; useful members of society.实用的工作；社会的栋梁之才〔sociobiology〕The study of the biological determinants of social behavior, based on the theory that such behavior is often genetically transmitted and subject to evolutionary processes.社会生物学：研究社会行为的生物决定性要素的学科，基础理论认为这种行为是通过基因传递并且受到进化过程影响〔piety〕"the liberated pieties of people who believe that social attitudes have kept pace with women's aspirations"(Erica Abeel)“那些认为社会态度与妇女的希望保持一致的人们较为自由的声明”(埃丽卡·阿比尔)〔strength〕"The same energy of character which renders a man a daring villain would have rendered him useful to society, had that society been well organized" (Mary Wollstonecraft).“要是社会秩序良好的话，同样的使一个人成为无所不为的恶棍的性格中的潜力说不定会使他成为一个对社会有用的人” （玛丽·伍尔斯通克拉芙特）。〔Phillips〕American abolitionist who served as president of the American Antislavery Society from 1865 to 1870.菲利普斯，温德尔：(1811-1884) 美国废奴论者，从1865年到1870年，曾担任美国反对奴隶制社会的领袖〔manner〕The prevailing customs, social conduct, and norms of a specific society, period, or group, especially as the subject of a literary work.风俗：一个特定社会、时期或群体的大众习俗、社会准则和规范，特别是作为一部文学作品主题的〔gender〕Sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture.性别：性别同一性，尤指与社会与文化有关〔generation〕A group of generally contemporaneous individuals regarded as having common cultural or social characteristics and attitudes:同时代人：被认为具有共同的文化或社会特点和态度的大体上处于同一时代的一批人：〔Gropper〕American cartoonist and painter known for his satiric works of social criticism, includingThe Senate (1935). 格罗珀，威廉：(1897-1977) 美国画家、漫画家，以其批判社会的讽刺性作品，如《参议员》 （1935年）而著名 〔Huxley〕British writer. His best-known work,Brave New World (1932), paints a grim picture of a scientifically organized utopia. 赫胥黎，阿尔道斯·伦纳德：(1894-1963) 英国作家。他最著名的作品《美丽的新世界》 （1932年）描绘了以科学方式组织的理想社会的恐怖情景 〔deinstitutionalize〕To release (a mental health patient, for example) from an institution for placement and care in the community.让（例如，精神病人）从社会设置的看护机构中出院〔palladium〕A safeguard, especially one viewed as a guarantee of the integrity of social institutions:保障：保卫，尤指被看作保证社会机关廉正的人：〔sociocultural〕Of or involving both social and cultural factors.社会文化的：和社会、文化因素都有关的〔ethos〕The disposition, character, or fundamental values peculiar to a specific person, people, culture, or movement:社会精神特质：一种特定的人、民族、文化或社会活动所特有的性情、气质、个性或基本的价值：〔prosopography〕A study, often using statistics, that identifies and draws relationships between various characters or people within a specific historical, social, or literary context:人学：经常使用统计的一种研究，这种研究确定和勾画在某一历史的、社会的或文学的背景中各种人之间关系：〔dynamics〕(used with a pl. verb)The social, intellectual, or moral forces that produce activity and change in a given sphere:（与复数动词连用）社会力量：社会的、理智的或道德的力量，它在一定范围内产生运动与变化：〔technetronic〕the technetronic era; our technetronic society.电子技术化的时代；我们的电子技术化的社会〔obligation〕The act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tie.束缚：被社会，法律或道德约束和束缚自己的行为〔revolutionize〕To subject to a political or social revolution.经受政治或社会革命〔civilization〕An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions.文明：人类社会知识、文化和物质发展的高级阶段，标志为艺术和科学上的发展、文字的广泛使用和复杂的政治及社会机构的出现〔elderly〕The Western world has yet to respect the aged members of its society as the Japanese do. One who isvenerable commands respect by virtue of dignity and age: 西方世界的人们要象日本人那样尊重社会的老年成员。 Venerable 形容因高龄和德行而让人敬仰的人： 〔Orozco〕Mexican painter noted for his frescoes dealing with political and social themes.奥罗斯科，若斯·克雷蒙特：(1883-1949) 墨西哥画家，以其有关政治和社会的主题的壁画而著名 |
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