| 单词 | 禁令 |
| 释义 | 〔taboo〕Among the many discoveries of Capt. James Cook was a linguistic one, the termtaboo. Cook used this word in his journal of 1777while he was in the Friendly Islands (now Tonga).Hence, even though similar words occur in other Polynesian languages,the formtaboo from Tongan tabu is the form we have borrowed. The Tongans usedtabu as an adjective; they spoke of persons or things that weretabu, that is, "under prohibition, forbidden, or set apart. ”Cook, besides borrowing the word into English,also made it into a noun referring to the prohibition itselfand a verb meaning "to make someone or something taboo.”From its origins in Polynesian society the wordtaboo has spread throughout the English-speaking world and has been applied in ways that never occurred to the people from whom Cook originally borrowed it.詹姆士·库克船长的许多发现中有一个是语言上的，即taboo 这个词。 库克在他1777年的航海日志中使用了这个词，当时他在弗兰德里群岛（现在的汤加）。因此，虽然相似的词也曾出现在其它的波利尼亚语言中，但是从汤加语的tabu 发展而来的 taboo 这一形式就成了我们所借用的形式。 汤加人将tabu 用作一个形容词； 他们谈论某人或某事是tabu 的， 即意味着它们是“处于禁令下的、被禁止的或和别人分开对待的”。库克除了把这个词借用到英语中，还把它变成了一名词，表示禁止，也把它用作一个动词，意为“使其人或某事成为禁忌”。起源于波利尼西亚社会的taboo 这一词已在说英语的世界中被广为使用， 而它的一些用法是库克当年向其借用该词的人们所从未想到的〔naff〕In the dual tradition of looking to one's betters for models of how to use language and American obeisance to British usage,let us look at two British words spellednaff. One is an adjective,meaning "clichéd, unstylish" (first recorded in 1969),that may be derived from dialectal wordssuch asnaffhead, "simpleton,” or niffy-naffy, "stupid.” The othernaff is a verb, usually used in the imperative in combination withoff (first recorded in 1959). This is the delicate injunction that members of the royal family such as Princess Anne have used in requesting members of the press to beat it.The origin ofnaff is unknown, but it has been suggested thatnaff may be related to an older English slang term naf, meaning "the female sexual organ.” Naf has been derived from a backward spelling offan, from fanny. 在看待如何使用语言的模式和美语遵从于英语那个更好的两个传统上，让我们看两个拼写为naff 的美语单词。 一个是形容词，表示“过时的，老调的”（首次记录于1969年），可能源于方言单词，如naffhead “傻子”或 niffy-naffy “愚蠢的”。 另一个naff 是动词， 通常用于命令语气与off 连用（首次记录于1959年）。 这是王室家族成员如安娜公主在要求报刊成员禁用时所使用的微妙禁令。Naff 不知源自何处， 但它表明naff 有与旧英语俚语 naf 相关的迹象表示“女性生殖器官”。 Naf 源于从fanny 而来的逆序拼写形式 fan 〔same〕The expressionssame and the same are sometimes used in place of pronouns such as it or one, as inWhen you have filled out the form, please remit same to this office. As this example suggests, the usage is associated chiefly with commercial and legal language,and some critics have suggested that it should be reserved for such contexts.But though the usage often does sound stilted,it occurs with some frequency in informal writing, particularly in the phraselack of same, as inIt is a question of money, or lack of same. And blind conformity to the critical injunction would have deprived us of the famously laconic radio message sent by a U.S. Navy officer during World War II: Same 和 the same 这两个表达法有时用作代词以替代 it 或 one， 如句子When you have filled out the form，please remit same to the office（填完表格后请提交给办公室）。 正如这个例子所表示的，这种用法主要出现于商业和法律用语，有些评论家认为应当把这种用法限制于此。尽管这种用法常听起来不太自然，但它有时也会出现在非正式的书面语中，特别是在短语lack of the same 中， 如句子It's a question of money，or lack of same。 并且，如果盲目地遵从评论家的禁令，我们将不会听到二次世界大战期间以简洁著称的美国海军军官的无线电口令： 〔conduct〕Control implies the exercise of authoritative direction;it stresses regulation in the form of restraint or keeping in check and connotes command or domination: Control 暗指对权威方向的执行；它强调以禁令或限制的形式颁布的规章或发布的命令或控制： 〔uninhibited〕Open and unrestrained:不受禁令约束的：开放的和不受限制的：〔water〕"It seemed clear by late autumn that the ban would be significantly watered down or removed altogether before the trade bill became law"(George R. Packard)“到晚秋时，这项禁令看起来会被大大削弱或在贸易法案成为法律之前完全撤销”(乔治R.帕卡德)〔announce〕The injunction not to shoot the messenger could as well be not to shoot the announcer, given the etymology of the wordannounce. First recorded in English before 1500 in the sense "to proclaim, make known,”announce came into English via Old French from Latin. The Latin sourceannūntiāre is made up of the directional prefix ad- and the verb nūntiāre, "to bring word of a fact or occurrence.” This verb is in turn derived from the nounnūntium, "a message,” which also yieldednūntius, "a messenger.” 不准枪毙使者的禁令也意味着不准枪毙公告人，给出了announce 这个词的词源。 1500年之前该词以“宣布，告知”的意思第一次出现在英语里，announce 通过拉丁语中的古法语进入英语。 拉丁词annuntiare 由指示性前缀 ad- 和动词 nuntiare “提到一个事实或事件”组成。 这个动词依次由名词nuntium “消息”派生而来， 也可作nuntius 的意思是“使者，送信人” 〔anathema〕A formal ecclesiastical ban, curse, or excommunication.逐出教门：正式的宗教禁令、诅咒或逐出教门〔ban〕A prohibition imposed by law or official decree.禁令：由法律或官方命令的强制性禁止〔Butenandt〕German chemist. He shared a 1939 Nobel Prize for his work on sexual hormones but declined the honor following a Nazi edict prohibiting acceptance.布特南特，阿道夫·弗雷德里希：(生于 1903) 德国化学家。因对性激素的研究成果而获1939年诺贝尔奖，但遵从纳粹独裁的禁令他拒绝接受此项荣誉〔interdict〕To prohibit or place under an ecclesiastical or legal sanction.禁令：禁止或为宗教或法律所禁止 |
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