| 单词 | 禁忌 |
| 释义 | 〔contraindication〕A previous allergic reaction to penicillin is a contraindication to the future use of that drug.以前对青霉素的过敏反应是将来使用该药物的一种禁忌征象〔taboo〕A ban or an inhibition resulting from social custom or emotional aversion.禁忌：一种因社会习俗或感情上的反感而导致的禁忌或忌讳〔taboo〕Among the many discoveries of Capt. James Cook was a linguistic one, the termtaboo. Cook used this word in his journal of 1777while he was in the Friendly Islands (now Tonga).Hence, even though similar words occur in other Polynesian languages,the formtaboo from Tongan tabu is the form we have borrowed. The Tongans usedtabu as an adjective; they spoke of persons or things that weretabu, that is, "under prohibition, forbidden, or set apart. ”Cook, besides borrowing the word into English,also made it into a noun referring to the prohibition itselfand a verb meaning "to make someone or something taboo.”From its origins in Polynesian society the wordtaboo has spread throughout the English-speaking world and has been applied in ways that never occurred to the people from whom Cook originally borrowed it.詹姆士·库克船长的许多发现中有一个是语言上的，即taboo 这个词。 库克在他1777年的航海日志中使用了这个词，当时他在弗兰德里群岛（现在的汤加）。因此，虽然相似的词也曾出现在其它的波利尼亚语言中，但是从汤加语的tabu 发展而来的 taboo 这一形式就成了我们所借用的形式。 汤加人将tabu 用作一个形容词； 他们谈论某人或某事是tabu 的， 即意味着它们是“处于禁令下的、被禁止的或和别人分开对待的”。库克除了把这个词借用到英语中，还把它变成了一名词，表示禁止，也把它用作一个动词，意为“使其人或某事成为禁忌”。起源于波利尼西亚社会的taboo 这一词已在说英语的世界中被广为使用， 而它的一些用法是库克当年向其借用该词的人们所从未想到的〔totem〕"grew up with the totems and taboos typical of an Irish Catholic kid in Boston"(Connie Paige)“在波士顿随着图腾与禁忌而长大的爱尔兰天主教家庭的孩子”(康妮·佩奇)〔alligator〕InThe Travailes of an Englishman, published in 1568, Job Hortop says that "in this river we killed a monstrous Lagarto or Crocodile.”This killing gives rise to the first recorded instance ofalligator in English, obviously in a different form from the one familiar to modern speakers.Alligator, which comes to us from Spanish el lagarto, "the lizard,” was modified in pronunciation and form in several ways before taking on the formalligator. Such changes, referred to by linguists as taboo deformation,are not uncommon in a name for something that is feared and include,for example, the change in sequence of ther and t that occurred between el lagarto and alligator. An interesting parallel case iscrocodile, which appears in Spanish, for example, ascocodrilo, with a similar difference in the sequence of the r. The earliest recorded form ofalligator that is similar to ours appears in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (First Folio, 1623): "In his needie shop a tortoyrs hung,/An Allegater stuft.”在出版于1568年的英国人的劳作 一书中， 约伯·霍特普说“在这条河里我们杀死过一只巨大的蜥蜴或鳄鱼。”这次捕杀导致alligator 作为首次载入英语的实例， 和现代人所熟悉的词形明显不同。Alligator 来源于西班牙语 ellagarto， 意思是“蜥蜴，” 在采用alligator 这个词之前，其发音和词形经过了好几种变化。 这些变化，语言学家们称作禁忌变形，在人们惧怕的某种事物的名称里是常见的，而且还包括r 和 t 在以下两个单词 ellagarto 和 alligator 间依次的变化。 一个同样有趣的例子是crocodile， 在西班牙语里是cocodrilo， 区别在于排列顺序不同的 r 上。 最早记载的alligator 其词形接近我们所使用的词形，出现于莎士比亚的 罗密欧与朱丽叶 中，（1623年第一版对开本）： “在他的日用品店中挂着一个玩具，一只布做的鳄鱼。”〔ineffable〕Not to be uttered; taboo:避讳的：不能说的；禁忌的：〔ok〕ophthalmo- ; exophthalmos , from Greek ophthalmos , eye (with taboo deformation). ophthalmo- ; exophthalmos , 源自 希腊语 ophthalmos , 注意 （不再注意禁忌）. 〔contraindicate〕To indicate the inadvisability of (a medical treatment, for example).禁忌：表明（例如某种疗法等）的不可取性〔ok〕ogle , from Low German oog , oge , eye. a, b, and c all from Germanic *augōn- (with taboo deformation). ogle , 源自 低地德语 oog , oge , 眼睛. a, b, 和 c 都源自 日耳曼语 *augōn- （和破坏禁忌）. 〔taboo〕To exclude from use, approach, or mention; place under taboo.禁止，禁制：不让…被使用、接近或提到；将…置于禁忌之下〔taboo〕An object, a word, or an act protected by such a prohibition.禁忌物，禁忌语，禁忌的行为：受到这样一种禁忌保护的一个物体、词语或行为〔taboo〕A prohibition, especially in Polynesia and other South Pacific islands, excluding something from use, approach, or mention because of its sacred and inviolable nature.禁忌：一种忌讳，尤指波利尼西亚和其它南太平洋群岛上的，即因为某件事物的神圣和不可侵犯性而禁止人们使用、接近或提起它 |
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