| 单词 | 种植园 |
| 释义 | 〔master〕the master of a large tea plantation.大茶叶种植园的主人〔Bradford〕English Puritan colonist in America. A signer of the Mayflower Compact and a settler of Plymouth Plantation, he was elected governor for 30 one-year terms and led the colony through its difficult early years.布拉德福，威廉：(1590-1657) 美洲的英国清教徒殖民者。五月花密约的签署人和普利茅斯种植园的开拓者，被推选为30个一年任期的总督之一，领导殖民地度过了艰难的早期岁月〔maroon〕The history of the wordmaroon, which we associate with desert islands, takes us back to the days of slavery, when the nounmaroon was a term in English for a Black person who lived in the mountains and forests of Dutch Guiana (Suriname) and the West Indies, a term that is still used in parts of the Caribbean.These were plantation slaveswho had run away to live free in uncultivated parts.The English word is taken from the French wordmarron, "runaway Black slave,”which in turn was an alteration of American Spanishcimarrón, meaning "runaway slave.”Cimarrón is perhaps from cima, "summit.” Having come into English (first recorded in 1666),maroon took on a life of its own and came to be used as a verbmeaning "to be lost in the wilds,”from which our sense "to put ashore on a deserted island or coast" evolved.单词maroon 与荒岛有关联，其历史可追溯到奴隶制时代， 当时英语中的maroon 这个词指的是生活在荷属圭亚那（苏里南）和西印度群岛的黑人， 在加勒比的某些地区这个词仍在使用。这些人本是种植园里的奴隶，他们逃到未开发的土地上自由自在地生活。英语中的这个词源于法语中的marron ， 意思是“逃亡的黑奴”，它又是美洲西班牙语cimarron 的变形， 其意为“逃亡的奴隶”。Cinmarron 可能源于 cima ，“顶峰”。 进入英语之后（最早的记载在1666年），maroon 具有了自己的内涵， 而且开始被作为动词使用，意思是“在荒野中迷失方向”，我们的“将…置于一个荒凉的岛上或海岸边”这个意思就是从这里发展而来〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation （普利茅斯种植园）中，这对不止一名读者来说，可能看起来是具讽刺意味的， 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区，虽然他们的宗教形式很特别，也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语，指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展， 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源， 最初意为“植物的繁殖，如通过供插栽小枝，”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思，例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样，用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来，在这种情况下，例如烟草或棉花等农作物，生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场，且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔pinery〕A hothouse or plantation where pineapples are grown.菠萝种植园：菠萝生长的温室或园林〔kidnap〕Kidnapper seems to have originated appropriately enough among those who perpetrate this crime. We know this becausekid and napper, the two parts of the compound, were slang of the sort that criminals might use. Kid, which some still find slangy, was considered low slang when kidnapper was formed, and napper is obsolete slang for a thief, coming from the verbnap, "to seize a person or thing, steal.” Nap is possibly a variant ofnab, which still has a slangy ring to it.In 1678, the year in which the word is first recorded,kidnappers plied their trade on behalf of plantations in colonies such as the ones in North America.The term later took on the broader sense that it has today.The verbkidnap is recorded later (1682) than the noun and so is possibly a back-formation,that is, people have assumed that a kidnapper kidnaps.Kidnapper 似乎恰好源于犯这种罪的人。 我们知道这个复合词的两个部分kid 和 napper 是这种罪犯们可能用的俚语。 Kidnapper 形成时 kid 被认为是低等的俚语，现在kid仍有俚语性质， napper 是指小偷的废弃的俚语， 从动词nap 而来， 指“抓住人或东西，偷。” Nap 可能是nab 的变体， 它也仍有俚语的性质。1678年这个词在英语中第一次记录时，绑架者为了如北美的殖民地种植园的利益进行了大量绑架。这个词后来又有象今天这么广的含义，动词kidnap 比名词记录要晚（1682年）， 所以可能是逆构词，也就是人们认为“绑架者”会绑架〔adorn〕"The sugar plantations were adorned with windmills"(Alec Waugh)“甘蔗种植园装备有风车”(亚历克·沃)〔finca〕A rural property, especially a large farm or ranch, in Spanish America.庄园：种植园，尤指在西班牙属美洲的大农场或大牧场〔Wahiawa〕A city of central Oahu, Hawaii, northwest of Honolulu. The surrounding area is noted for its pineapple plantations. Population, 17,386.瓦西阿瓦：美国夏威夷瓦胡岛中部一城市，位于火奴鲁鲁西北。其周围地区菠萝种植园而闻名。人口17,386〔juba〕A group dance, probably of West African origin, characterized by complex rhythmic clapping and body movements and practiced on plantations in the southern United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.朱巴舞：一种集体舞蹈，可能发源于西非，以复杂而有节奏的击掌和身体动作为特征，流传于18、19世纪时美国南部的种植园〔Charlottesville〕An independent city of central Virginia northwest of Richmond. It is the seat of the University of Virginia (founded 1819). Thomas Jefferson's estate, Monticello, is nearby. Population, 40,341.夏洛茨维尔：美国弗吉尼亚州中部一自治城市，位于里士满西北，是弗吉尼亚大学的所在地（建于1819年），附近有托玛斯·杰斐逊的种植园，蒙蒂塞罗。人口40,341〔plantation〕A large estate or farm on which crops are raised, often by resident workers.种植园：种植庄稼的大型种植园或农场，经常由居住的工人种植〔planter〕The owner or manager of a plantation:种植园主：种植园的主人或经营者：〔pool〕a pool of implements for the use of all the workers on the estate; forming a pool of our talents.种植园中所有工人共同使用的工具；将我们的才能聚集起来 |
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