| 单词 | 科学家 |
| 释义 | 〔chief〕the foremost research scientist of the day.现今处于最前列的研究科学家。〔new〕Identifying the virus gave scientists fresh hope of discovering a vaccine.鉴定病毒给予科学家发现疫苗的新希望。〔academy〕A society of scholars, scientists, or artists.学会：学者、科学家或艺术家的协会〔migrate〕After the Nazis came to power in Germany, many scientists emigrated (that is, left Germany). 纳粹夺取了德国的政权之后，许多科学家都迁走了（也就是说，离开了德国）。 〔Dana〕American scientist whose textbooks established him as the foremost geologist of his time.达纳，詹姆斯·德怀特：(1813-1895) 美国科学家，他的教科书为他成为那个时代一流的地质学家奠定了基础〔Peirce〕American philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who cofounded pragmatism and made numerous contributions to logic.皮尔斯，查尔斯·桑德斯：(1839-1914) 美国哲学家、数学家和科学家，是创建实用主义的科学家之一且对逻辑学的发展作出了很多贡献〔Interlingua〕An artificial language developed between 1924 and 1951, based mainly on the Romance languages and intended as a medium of international communication among scientists.国际语：在1924年与1951年之间发展起来的一种人工语言，以罗曼诸语言为基础，旨在促进科学家之间进行国际交流〔scientist〕A person having expert knowledge of one or more sciences, especially a natural or physical science.科学家：在一门或多门科学中有专家知识的人，尤指在自然或物理科学中〔lure〕Industry often seeks to lure scientists from universities by offering them huge salaries. Toentice is to draw on skillfully, as by arousing hopes or desires: 企业经常以高额薪金诱引科学家们离开大学。 Entice 意为通过唤起希望或欲望巧妙地吸引： 〔conquer〕scientists battling to conquer disease; a singer who conquered the operatic world.科学家奋力克服疾病；征服了戏剧界的歌手〔meaning〕Scientists have been unable to determine the signification of most Etruscan inscriptions. 科学家们一直无法确定伊特鲁里亚人的刻印文字的意思 〔commit〕Some scientists relegate parapsychology to the sphere of quackery. 一些科学家把灵学归类到骗术范围。 〔accept〕Scientists have accepted the new theory.科学家们已接受了这个新理论〔agnostic〕An agnostic does not deny the existence of God and heaven, for example,but rather holds that one cannot know for certain if they exist or not.The termagnostic was fittingly coined by the 19th-century British scientist Thomas H. Huxley, who believed that only material phenomena were objects of exact knowledge.He made up the word from the prefixa-, meaning "without, not,” as in amoral, and the noun Gnostic. Gnostic is related to the Greek word gnōsis, "knowledge,” which was used by early Christian writers to mean "higher, esoteric knowledge of spiritual things";hence,Gnostic referred to those with such knowledge. In coining the termagnostic, Huxley was considering as "Gnostics" a group of his fellow intellectuals—"ists,” as he called them—who had eagerly embraced various doctrines or theories that explained the world to their satisfaction. Because he was a "man without a rag of a label to cover himself with,”Huxley coined the termagnostic for himself, its first published use being in 1870. 举例来说，不可知论者并不否认上帝和天堂的存在，但却认为无法确切知道他们的存在与否。术语agnostic 这个词是由19世纪的英国科学家托马斯·H·赫胥黎巧妙地创造出来的， 他认为只有物质现象才是确切意识的对象。他用意为“没有，无”的前缀a-， 如在 amoral 中和名词 Gnostic造词。 Gnostic与希腊词 gnosis 有关，指“意识”， 曾被早期的基督教作家用来表达“关于精神玄奥的、神秘的意识”。因此agnostic 就指那些有这类意识的人。 在创造agnostic 这个词时，赫胥黎把他的同伴知识分子──“学家”，认为是“可知论者”，就象他这样称呼他们一样── 他们急切地吸收各种信条或理论来随意地解释世界。因为赫胥黎“是个没有任何标签来掩饰自己的人”，他为自己创造了agnostic 这个词，1870年这个词首次用于出版物中 〔charge〕the scientist who had overall charge of the research project.这位科学家全面负责管理这项研究项目〔Newton〕English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theories of universal gravitation, terrestrial mechanics, and color. His treatise on gravitation, presented inPrincipia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. 牛顿，艾萨克：(1642-1727) 英国数学家、科学家，他发明了微积分，系统阐述了万有引力理论、地球结构和颜色。他发表在《自然科学的数学原理》 （1687年）上关于地球引力的论文据说是因为看到苹果落地而引起的灵感 〔conjecture〕Scientists speculate on the origin of the universe.科学家们猜测宇宙的起源。〔noted〕a famed scientist;闻名的科学家；〔explore〕scientists who have been known to explore in this region of the earth.以考察这一地域而闻名的科学家们〔Asimov〕Russian-born American scientist and prolific writer whose works include popular explanations of scientific principles and volumes of science fiction, includingThe Foundation Trilogy (1963). 阿西莫夫，艾萨克：(1920-1992) 俄裔美国科学家和多产作家。其作品包括科学原理的通俗解释和科幻卷，包括《基础三部曲》 （1963年） 〔technocracy〕A government or social system controlled by technicians, especially scientists and technical experts.技术专家政治：由技术师，尤其科学家和技术专家控制的政府或社会系统〔Hill〕British physiologist. He shared a 1922 Nobel Prize for his investigation of heat production in muscles and nerves.希尔，阿希巴尔德·维维安：(1886-1977) 英国生理学家因发现肌肉和神经的产热过程于1922年与另一科学家同获诺贝尔奖〔relevant〕The scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research.那个科学家和同事们相互通信以了解和她自己的研究有关的事。〔physicist〕A scientist who specializes in physics.物理学家：专攻物理学的科学家〔watt〕One might well ask how many European scientists it takes to turn on a light bulb.If we think in terms of the names used for various units in the International, or meter-kilogram-second, System,a fair number are involved.Alphabetically arranged, these units are theampere, named for the French scientist Andr? Marie Ampère (1775-1836); thecoulomb, after the French scientist Charles A. de Coulomb (1736-1806); thefarad and the faraday, after the British scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867); thejoule, after the British scientist James P. Joule (1818-1889); thenewton, after the British scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727); theohm, after the German scientist Georg S. Ohm (1789-1854); thevolt, after the Italian scientist Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827); and thewatt, after the British scientist James Watt (1736-1819). Definitions such as that ofohm, "a unit of electrical resistance equal to that of a conductor in which a current of one ampere is produced by a potential of one volt across its terminals,” take on more human connotations when we think of how human contributions to the study of electricity are memorialized in them.The dates of first recorded use of the terms in English are as follows:ampere, 1881; coulomb, 1881; farad, 1861; faraday, 1904; joule, 1882; newton, 1904; ohm, 1870 (suggested in 1861); volt, 1873; and watt, 1882. 有人可能会问经过了多少位欧洲科学家才点亮了灯泡。如果我们以国际单位制或米—千克—秒单位制中各种单位之名称的形式来考虑的话，相当数量的人被包括了。这些单位按字母顺序排列是安培， 以法国科学家安德烈·马里耶·安培(1775—1836年）命名； 库仑， 以法国科学家夏尔·埃·德库仑(1736-1806年）命名； 法拉 和 法拉第， 以英国科学家迈克尔·法拉第(1791—1867年）命名； 焦耳 以英国科学家詹姆斯·皮·焦耳(1818—1889年）命名； 牛顿， 以英国科学家伊萨克·牛顿爵士(1642—1727年）命名； 欧姆， 以德国科学家格奥尔格·斯·欧姆(1789—1854年）命名； 伏特， 以意大利科学家亚历山德罗·沃尔塔伯爵(1745—1827年）命名； 瓦特， 以英国科学家詹姆士·瓦特(1736—1819年）命名。 定义诸如欧姆， “电阻单位，等于一伏特电压加于导体两端在导体内部产生一安培电流之导体电阻”， 当我们想到人们对电学做出的贡献是怎样在这之中得到纪念的时候，就带上了更多的人文内涵。英语中首次有记录的使用这些说法的时间如下：安培， 1881； 库仑， 1881； 法拉， 1861； 法拉第， 1904； 焦耳， 1882； 牛顿， 1904； 欧姆， 1870（在1861年建议使用）； 伏特， 1873；和 瓦特， 1882 〔pentlandite〕after Joseph B. Pentland (1797-1873), Irish scientist 源自约瑟夫·B· 彭特兰 (1797-1873年），爱尔兰科学家 〔counterintuitive〕"Scientists made clear what may at first seem counterintuitive, that the capacity to be pleasant toward a fellow creature is hard work"(Natalie Angier)“科学家澄清了起初看似反直觉的事情——对同类表示友善的胸襟是难能可贵的”(纳塔利·安吉尔)〔admonish〕"A committee at [the university] asked its president to reprimand a scientist who tested gene-altered bacteria on trees" (New York Times). “校委会 要求校长申斥在树上做细胞基因变化试验的科学家” （纽约时代杂志）。〔Hero〕Alexandrian scientist who invented many water-driven and steam-driven machines and devised a formula for determining the area of a triangle.希罗：亚历山大时期的科学家，发明了许多水动力机和蒸汽动力机并想出了测定三角形面积的公式〔support〕Scientists advocate a reduction in saturated fats in the human diet. Tochampion is to fight for one that is under attack or lacks the strength or ability to act in its own behalf: 科学家们提倡人类饮食应降低饱含脂肪的食物的摄入量。 Champion 指捍卫一个受到攻击或缺乏力量或能力来保卫自己的人： 〔Bacon〕English friar, scientist, and philosopher whoseOpus Majus (1267) argued that Christian studies should encompass the sciences. 培根，罗杰：(1214?-1292) 英国男修道士，科学家和哲学家，他在《大著作》 （1267年）中论述了基督教研究应当包含科学 〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔Bernoulli〕Family of Swiss mathematicians and scientists, includingJakob or Jacques (1654-1705), an important theorist of ordinary calculus and the calculus of variations. His brother Johann or Jean (1667-1748) developed integral and exponential calculus. Johann's son Daniel (1700-1782) anticipated the law of conservation of energy, did pioneering work in the molecular theory of gases, and contributed to probability theory and the theory of differential equations. 伯努利：瑞士数学家和科学家家族，包括雅各 或 雅克 （1654-1705年），是关于一般微积分和变分微分的重要理论家。其兄弟 约翰 或 让 （1667-1748年）发展了整数和指数微积分。约翰的儿子 丹尼尔 （1700-1782年）提前发现了能量守恒定律，在气体分子理论方面做了开拓性的工作，并对概率理论和微分方程理论有所贡献 〔Snow〕British writer and scientist who is known especially for his 11-volume seriesStrangers and Brothers (1940-1970). 斯诺，查（理）·珀（西）：(1905-1980) 英国作家和科学家，以其十一卷的系列长篇《陌生人和兄弟们》 （1940-1970年）而出名 〔evidence〕The broken window was evidence that a burglary had taken place. Scientists weigh the evidence for and against a hypothesis.被打碎的窗户就是盗窃曾经发生的证据。科学家们以此衡量是符合还是违反假设〔assert〕Scientists cannot affirm the existence of life on other planets. She averred that solitude was necessary for creative work.科学家们还不能证实在其它星球上有生命存在。她断言离群索居对于创造性的工作是必不可少的。〔abolish〕Scientists are working to find a serum to eradicate the disease.科学家试图发现一种血清来根治消除这种疾病。〔suppose〕Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps.科学家们猜想大型恐龙栖居于沼泽地中〔allamanda〕after Jean Nicholas Sébastian Allamand (1713-1787), Swiss scientist 源自让·尼古拉斯·塞巴斯蒂安 阿拉蒙 （1713-1787年），瑞士科学家 〔consequence〕scientists of consequence.卓越的科学家们 |
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