| 单词 | 科学研究 |
| 释义 | 〔science〕Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study.科学研究：用于目标调查或研究的活动〔gerontology〕The scientific study of the biological, psychological, and sociological phenomena associated with old age and aging.老人学：与年老或老年人有关的生物、心理和社会现象的科学研究〔hypsography〕The scientific study of the earth's topologic configuration above sea level, especially the measurement and mapping of land elevations.测高学：关于地球上高于海平面的地貌的科学研究，尤其是关于陆地海拔的测量与绘图〔prolan〕Either of two hormones of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. No longer in scientific use.垂体荷尔蒙：垂体的两种荷尔蒙的任意一种，促黄体生成激素或保卵泡激素，不再用在科学研究中〔athenaeum〕An institution, such as a literary club or scientific academy, for the promotion of learning.文学协会，科学协会：促进学问增长的机构，如文学俱乐部或科学研究院〔NRC〕National Research Council.全国科学研究委员会〔dedicated〕"The satellite beams the information down to Earth, where it is sent through dedicated telephone wires to the Space Telescope Science Institute"(Boston Globe)“卫星把信息传送到地球上后，通过专用电话线发送到空间望远镜科学研究机构”(波士顿环球)〔anthropogenesis〕The scientific study of the origin and development of human beings.人类起源学：关于人类起源及发展的科学研究〔Niebuhr〕German historian whose greatly influential history of Rome (published 1811-1832) established the modern scientific study of history.尼布尔，巴托尔德·乔治：(1776-1831) 德国历史学家，其极具影响力的《罗马史》(1811-1832年出版）奠定了现代历史科学研究的基础〔geology〕The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth.地质学：对地球起源、历史和结构的科学研究〔ethology〕The scientific study of animal behavior, especially as it occurs in a natural environment.动物行为学：对动物行为，尤指在自然环境下发生的行为的一种科学研究〔pomology〕The scientific study and cultivation of fruit.果树栽培学：对果树的科学研究和栽培〔vivisection〕The act or practice of cutting into or otherwise injuring living animals, especially for the purpose of scientific research.活体解剖：对活动物进行切割而使其受伤的行为或操作，尤指出于科学研究之目的〔geology〕The scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the solid matter of a celestial body.天体学：对天体的固体物质的来源、历史和结构的科学研究〔anthropology〕The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings.人类学：关于人类起源，行为及其体质，社会和文化发展的科学研究〔limnology〕The scientific study of the life and phenomena of fresh water, especially lakes and ponds.湖泊学：研究淡水，尤指湖泊和海洋的生命和现象的科学研究〔metapsychology〕Philosophical inquiry supplementing the empirical science of psychology. Metapsychology deals with aspects of the mind that cannot be evaluated on the basis of objective or empirical evidence.超心理学：补充心理学中经验科学研究的哲学研究，研究意识思想中那些不能基于客观或经验证据来评价的方面〔aquanaut〕A person trained to live in underwater installations and conduct, assist in, or be a subject of scientific research. Also called oceanaut 海底（实验室）工作人，深水操作人员：训练能在水下装置物中生活并引导、辅助或作为科学研究的对象 也作 oceanaut〔psychoacoustics〕The scientific study of the perception of sound.心理声学：对声音感知的科学研究〔herbarium〕A collection of dried plants mounted, labeled, and systematically arranged for use in scientific study.蜡叶植物标本集：制成标本、贴有标签并有系统地排序以便于科学研究的制干的植物的集合〔glaciology〕The scientific study of glaciers and their effects on the landscape.冰川学：关于冰川以及它们对地形的影响的科学研究〔parasitology〕The scientific study of parasitism.寄生物学，寄生虫学：对寄生（现象）的科学研究〔volcanology〕The scientific study of volcanoes and volcanic phenomena.火山学：火山和火山现象的科学研究〔pedology〕The scientific study of soils, including their origins, characteristics, and uses.土壤学：对土壤的生成来源、特点和用途进行的科学研究〔speleology〕The scientific study of caves.洞穴学：对洞穴的科学研究〔seismometry〕The scientific study and recording of earthquakes.测震学：对地震的科学研究和记录〔hydrology〕The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.水文学：关于地球表面、土壤中、岩石下和大气中水的含量、分布以及影响的科学研究〔craniology〕The scientific study of the characteristics of the skull, such as size and shape, especially in human beings.头盖学：对头盖，尤其是对人类头盖的各个特征，如大小和形状的科学研究〔palynology〕The scientific study of spores and pollen.孢粉学：关于孢子和花粉的科学研究〔Goethe〕German writer and scientist. A master of poetry, drama, and the novel, he spent 50 years on his two-part dramatic poemFaust (published 1808 and 1832). He also conducted scientific research in various fields, notably botany, and held several governmental positions. 歌德，约翰·沃尔夫贡·冯：(1749-1832) 德国作者和科学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了50年时间写了二部戏剧长诗《浮士德》 （出版于1808年和1832年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务 〔astronomy〕The scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena.天文学：外层空间事物的科学研究，尤指天体及天文现象的位置、大小、分布、运动、构成、能量及演化的科学〔entomology〕The scientific study of insects.昆虫学：对昆虫的科学研究〔Dee〕English mathematician, alchemist, and astrologer who was a favorite of Elizabeth I, for whom he did both scientific and astrological studies.迪，约翰：(1527-1608) 英国数学家，炼金术士和星相家，曾得宠于伊丽莎白一世。为了女王，他既做科学研究又做星相研究〔methodology〕Methodology can properly refer to the theoretical analysis of the methods appropriate to a field of study or to the body of methods and principles particular to a branch of knowledge.In this sense,one may speak ofobjections to the methodology of a geographic survey (i.e., objections dealing with the appropriateness of the methods used) or of themethodology of modern cognitive psychology (i.e., the principles and practices that underlie research in the field). In recent years, however,methodology has been increasingly used as a pretentious substitute for method in scientific and technical contexts, as inThe oil company has not yet decided on a methodology for restoring the beaches. This usage may have been fostered in part by the tendency to use the adjectivemethodological to mean "pertaining to methods,” in as much as the regularly formed adjectivemethodical has been preempted to mean "orderly, systematic.” But the misuse ofmethodology obscures an important conceptual distinction between the tools of scientific investigation (properly methods ) and the principles that determine how such tools are deployed and interpreted—a distinction that the scientific and scholarly communities, if not the wider public,should be expected to maintain.Methodology 可指对一个学科的研究方法进行的理论分析， 也可指一个学科特有的一整套方法与步骤。在这种意义上，人们可以说对于一个地理调查所用方法提出的异议 （即，关于所用方法是否适当所提的异议）， 也可以说现代认知心理学的研究方法 （即，形成一门学科的研究基础的原则和方法）。 然而，近些年来，在科学、技术语境中，methodology 越来越多地被用做颇带炫耀夸张色彩的 method 的替换词， 如说石油公司尚未决定恢复海滩环境的方法。 这种用法可能部分地起因于用形容词methodological 来表示“与方法有关的”意思的倾向， 因为用常规方法构成的形容词methodical 已先行意味着“有序的，有系统的”。 但是methodology 的这种错误用法模糊了一个重要的概念区分，那就是科学研究的方法（正确的说法应是 methods )和决定这些方法如何运用和阐释的原则之间的区分——这个区分， 如果不为更多的大众所认识，至少应为科学和学者圈子所坚持〔oceanography〕The exploration and scientific study of the ocean and its phenomena. Also called oceanology 海洋学：对于海洋及其现象的探索和科学研究 也作 oceanology |
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