| 单词 | 秘书长 |
| 释义 | 〔Thant〕Burmese diplomat who served as the secretary-general of the United Nations (1961-1971).萨尼：(1811-1863) 缅甸外交家，曾住联合国秘书长(1961-1971年）〔Lange〕Norwegian pacifist and historian. He shared the 1921 Nobel Peace Prize for his work as secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1909-1933).兰格，克里斯蒂安·路易斯：(1869-1938) 挪威和平主义者和历史学者，由于他在1909-1933年间担任国际议会联合组织秘书长时的杰出工作而获得1921年的诺贝尔和平奖〔Comstockery〕Bowdlerism, named after Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825),has been around longer than Comstockery, named for Anthony Comstock (1844-1915). All Bowdler did to enter the world of common nouns was to expurgate Shakespeare, the Bible, and Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, Comstock, the organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice,helped destroy 160 tons of literature and pictures that he deemed immoral.Comstockery, the word honoring his achievements, is first recorded in 1905 in a letter by George Bernard Shaw to the New York Times: “Comstockery is the world's standing Joke at the expense of the United States. . . . It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second rate country-town civilization after all.” 以汤姆斯·鲍德勒博士(1754-1825年）的名字命名的鲍德勒主义，存在时间要比以安东尼·康斯托克(1844-1915年）命名的康斯托克主义长一些。鲍德勒所做的只是删节莎士比亚作品、《圣经 》和吉伯恩的罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡 就使其名字成为一个通用名词了。 而另一方面，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，康斯托克协助销毁了160吨他认为不道德的作品与图片。Comstockery ，这一为了表彰他的成绩的词最初是出现于1905年乔治·伯那德·修在写给 纽约时报 的信中： “Comstockery 一词是世界对美国的嘲笑…它证实了在东半球中根深蒂固的观念，那就是美国是个粗鄙的地方，充其量只能算是一个二流的乡村文明” 〔Comstock〕American reformer. As organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, he became notorious for his moral crusades against literature and artwork that he considered obscene.康斯托克，安东尼：(1844-1915) 美国改革家，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，他因改革他认为是下流的文学和艺术作品而臭名昭著〔Mann〕American educator who as the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education (1837-1848) introduced reforms and regulations that greatly influenced American public education.曼恩，霍勒斯：(1796-1859) 美国教育家 ，是马萨诸塞州教育董事会第一任秘书长（1837-1848年），他引进了一些改革方案和规章，对美国公共教育产生了重大的影响〔Waldheim〕Austrian diplomat and politician. After serving as secretary-general of the United Nations (1972-1981), he was elected president of Austria in 1986 despite worldwide controversy over his alleged Nazi affiliations during World War II.瓦尔德海姆，库尔特：(生于 1918) 奥地利外交家、政治家。在联合国任秘书长(1972-1981年）期满后，尽管对其在二战期间与纳粹可能有管系的问题上，举世争议，他还是于1986年被选为奥地利总统〔Annan〕Ghanaian diplomat who was appointed secretary-general of the United Nations in 1996.安南，科非：迦纳籍外交家，1996年他被任命为联合国秘书长〔Fish〕American politician who served as U.S. secretary of state (1869-1877) and negotiated the settlement of the Civil WarAlabama Claims with Great Britain (1871). 费希，汉米尔顿：(1808-1893) 美国政治家，曾任美国秘书长（1869-1877年），与英国协商有关内战的调解并签订了《亚拉巴马》 宣言(1871年） 〔Lie〕Norwegian politician and first secretary-general of the United Nations (1946-1953).赖伊，特里格夫·哈尔维登：(1896-1968) 挪威政治家和联合国第一任秘书长(1946年至1953年）〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔Lothrop〕American social worker. She was general secretary of Associated Charities in Boston, Massachusetts, and helped establish the Boston School for Social Workers (1904).洛思罗普，艾丽斯·路易斯·希金斯：(1870-1920) 美国社会工作者。她是马萨诸塞州波士顿慈善联合会的秘书长，并协助建立了社会工作者的波士顿学校（1904年）〔Spaak〕Belgian politician who was the first president of the United Nations General Assembly (1946) and later served as the secretary-general of NATO (1957-1961).斯帕克，保罗·亨利·查尔斯：(1889-1972) 比利时政治家，第一届联合国大会主席(1946年），后出任北大西洋公约组织秘书长(1957-1961年） |
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