| 单词 | 称呼 |
| 释义 | 〔nigger〕Used as a disparaging term for a member of any socially, economically, or politically deprived group of people:下层人：对排斥在社会、经济或政治活动外的阶级成员的侮辱性称呼：〔Fra〕Used as a title for an Italian monk or friar; brother.兄弟：对意大利和尚或托钵僧的称呼；兄弟〔signora〕Used as a courtesy title for a married woman in an Italian-speaking area, equivalent toMrs. 夫人：在讲意大利语的地区对已婚妇女的礼貌称呼，相当于夫人 〔sister〕Used as a form of address for such a woman, alone or followed by the woman's name.对修女的称呼：用于对这样妇女的称谓，单独使用或放在该女性名字后面〔paronomasia〕onomazein [to name] * see onomastic onomazein [叫，称呼] * 参见 onomastic〔gentleman〕gentlemen Used as a form of address for a group of men. gentlemen 各位先生：对一群男子的称呼〔Erin〕A poetic name for Ireland.爱尔兰：爱尔兰的诗化称呼〔chapbook〕book [so called because it was originally sold by chapmen] book [，因最初由小贩沿街叫卖而得此称呼] 〔gentlepeople〕Used as a form of address for a group of people.先生们：对一群人的称呼〔hypocorism〕A name of endearment; a pet name.爱称：一种昵爱的称呼；昵称〔signorina〕Used as a courtesy title for an unmarried woman in an Italian-speaking area, equivalent toMiss. 小姐：在讲意大利语的地区对未婚女子的礼貌称呼，相当于小姐 〔U〕Used as a courtesy title before the name of a man in a Burmese-speaking area.吴：用于缅甸语地区，男子姓名前的一种礼貌称呼〔Caledonia〕Roman Britain north of the Antonine Wall, which stretched from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde. Today the term is used as a poetic appellation for all of Scotland.古苏格兰：安东尼墙北部的罗马大不列颠，从弗尔斯湾延伸至克莱德湾。今天，该词用作对整个苏格兰的一种诗意的称呼〔dame〕Used as the title for such a woman.夫人：用于对这类妇女的称呼〔Paleozoic〕Of, belonging to, or designating the era of geologic time that includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian periods and is characterized by the appearance of marine invertebrates, primitive fishes, land plants, and primitive reptiles. See table at geologic time 古生代的：地质时代的一个时期的，属于这个时期的或这么称呼的，包括寒武纪、奥陶纪、志留纪、泥盆纪、密西西比纪、宾夕法尼亚纪和二叠纪时期，并且以海洋无脊椎动物、原始鱼类、陆地植物和早期爬行动物的出现为特征 参见 geologic time〔serious〕Designed for and addressing grave and earnest tastes:严肃的：以严肃和认真的情趣设计和称呼的：〔miss〕Used as a form of polite address for a girl or young woman:小姐：用于对一个女孩或年轻女子的有礼貌的称呼：〔maharajah〕Used as a title for such a king or prince.称呼这样的国王或贵族的头衔〔maharani〕Used as a title for such a woman.用称呼这样一个女人的头衔〔lord〕Used as a form of address for a marquis, an earl, or a viscount.勋爵：用作侯爵、伯爵或子爵的称呼〔culprit〕According to British legal tradition,the wordculprit comes from cul. prit, an abbreviation of the Anglo-Norman legal phraseCulpable: prit d'averrer nostre bille. These words, said by the clerk of the crown in response to a not-guilty plea,meant, "Guilty: I am ready to aver our indictment.”After law French went out of official use in the courts,the shortened formcul. prit was misinterpreted as a term of address used by the clerk to a prisoner indicted for high treason or felony and pleading "not guilty.” Culprit is first recorded in such a use in 1678. The term was thereafter taken to mean "the accused,”and then, by association with Latinculpa, "guilt,” it came to mean "a guilty party.”根据英国法律的传统，culprit 一词源于 cul. prit ， 这是英国法语的法律短语Culpable： prit d'averrer nostre bille 的缩略语。 这些词语是王国政府的书记员在回答对于被指控罪名不服的申诉时所说的，意思是：“证明有罪的：我将要证实我们的控告属实。”在诺曼人的法律法语不限于在法庭中使用后，其缩略形式cul.prit 被错误地理解为一种称呼，书记员用它来称呼被控犯有判国罪或重罪但又申辩“无罪”的犯人。 Culprit 一词最早在1678年以这种用法被记录下来。 这个词语自那以后被用来指“被控告的人”，然后它与拉丁语culpa “有罪的”一词相联系， 用来表示“被证明有罪的一方”〔compellation〕The act of addressing or designating someone by name.称呼：以姓名称呼或指明某人的行为〔lady〕Used as a courtesy title for the daughter of a duke, a marquis, or an earl.（公爵、侯爵或伯爵）之女的尊称：用于称呼公爵、侯爵或伯爵的女儿的礼貌用语〔hight〕Middle English [past participle of] highten, hihten [to call, be called] 中古英语 highten, hihten的过去分词 [称呼，被叫] 〔uncle〕Used as a form of address for an older man, especially by children.孩子用于对长者的称呼〔conventional〕conventional symbols; a conventional form of address.常用的象征；称呼的惯用形式〔swami〕Used as a form of address for such a person.用于对这种人的称呼〔pickaninny〕Used as a disparaging term for a young Black child.黑人的小孩：用作对黑人小孩的贬义称呼〔Mac〕Used as a form of address for a man whose name is unknown.老兄（弟）：用来称呼一个不知其姓名的男子〔spectrin〕spect(e)r so called because a red blood cell without hemoglobin is called a ghost spect(e)r 这样称呼是因为无血红素的红细胞称作 ghost 〔pueblo〕The identity of the Pueblo peoples is undeniably connected to the stone and adobe dwellings they have occupied for more than 700 years—especially from an etymological point of view.Originally coming from the Latin wordpopulus, "people, nation,” the Spanish wordpueblo, meaning "town, village,” as well as "nation, people,”was naturally applied by 16th-century Spanish explorers to villages that they discovered or founded in the Southwest.The English wordpueblo is first recorded in an American text in this sense in 1808, marking it as an Americanism.The distinctive adobe or stone villages of the Pueblo peoples,with some buildings rising as high as five stories,must have impressed the Spaniards considerably,becausepueblo came to be transferred from a name for the village to a name for its inhabitants, perhaps in honor of their architectural achievements or simply as an obvious way to distinguish the Pueblo from other Native American peoples.The first recorded usage of this sense is found in 1834.无可质疑，普埃布洛族的象征是与他们已经居住了700年的土石结构房屋联系在一起的——尤其是从词源学的角度来看。最初源于意为“民族，国家”的拉丁语populus， 意为“城镇，村庄”的西班牙语pueblo ， 同时也有“民族，国家”的意思，16世纪的西班牙探险家们很自然地用这个词来称呼他们在西南部发现或建立的村庄。英语中pueblo 的这个含义最早记载于1808年的一篇美国课文中， 这标志着它成了一个美语词。普埃布洛族有特色的石造和土造村庄，有些建筑高达五层，肯定给西班牙人留下了深刻的印象，因为pueblo 这个词是从这个村庄的名字转变成村庄中居民的名字的， 这可能是出于对他们建筑成就的敬仰或仅仅作为将普埃布洛族和其它美洲土著民族区分开的明显途径。这个词义是在1834年最早有使用记载的。〔highness〕Highness Used withHis, Her, or Your as a title and form of address for a prince or princess: Highness 与His,Her 或 Your 连用，用来称呼王子（亲王）或公主（王妃）： 〔abjure〕"For nearly 21 years after his resignation as Prime Minister in 1963, he abjured all titles, preferring to remain just plain ‘Mr.’”(Time)"1963年辞掉总理后，近21年来他放弃了所有称号，只保留了一个平常的称呼‘先生’”(时代)〔vocative〕from Latin vocātīvus (cāsus) [vocative (case)] 源自 拉丁语 vocātīvus (cāsus) [称呼（格）] 〔mynheer〕Used as a courtesy title before the name of a man in a Dutch-speaking area.先生：在讲荷兰语的地区，在男子姓名之前用作礼貌的称呼〔personality〕Personality is often used to mean "celebrity,” particularly in popular journalism,as inThe show features interviews with entertainment personalities. A case can be made for the usage,since many of the persons so described are best known simply for who they are rather than what they have done.Thuspersonality may be an appropriate description of someone who is best known by virtue of his or her frequent appearances as a television host or an advertising spokesperson, but it is slighting when used of people whose renown is based on substantive achievements.Perhaps for this reason,the word was unacceptable to 57 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.Personality 常用来表示“著名人物”， 特别用在一些大众杂志中，如在电影演员与娱乐圈知名人士对话 中。 一种情形能够用于这种用法，因为许多这样描述的人仅因他们是谁而并不解他们所做的事而著名。所以personality 可能是对因作为电视节目主持人或广告角色频繁出现而著名的一类人的合适称呼， 但如果用于那些凭借实在成绩而著名的人物就显得粗鲁了。可能因为这个原因，在早期调查中有57%用法小组的专家不接受这个词〔prolepsis〕The assignment of something, such as an event or a name, to a time that precedes it, as inIf you tell the cops, you're a dead man. 预期：把未发生的事，比如事件或称呼，当作已发生来描绘，比如在如果你通知警察，你就变成了一个死人 中 〔dear〕Highly esteemed or regarded. Used in direct address, especially in salutations:敬爱的：极尊敬的，很敬仰的。常用于直接的称呼中，尤指用于尊称：〔jerkwater〕From jerkwater [a branch-line train, so called because its small boiler had to be refilled often, requiring train crews to "jerk" or draw water from streams] 源自 jerkwater [铁路支线，之所以这样称呼是因为火车的小汽缸需要经常加水，要求火车乘务员供水或从河中抽水添入汽缸] 〔Hymie〕Used as a disparaging term for a Jew.海咪：用作对犹太人贬义的称呼 |
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