| 单词 | 究竟 |
| 释义 | 〔far〕Just how far are you taking this argument?你究竟要争论到什么程度?〔wherever〕Where ever have you been so long?See Usage Note at whatever 你究竟在哪儿待了这么长时间? 参见 whatever〔dornick〕The worddornick is used from Pennsylvania westward to Illinois. It probably comes from Irish Gaelicdornóg, "a small round stone.” However, it is not clear which group of Gaelic-speaking Irish immigrants brought the word with them.Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, thinks it unlikely that dornick came over with the large numbers of Irish immigrants after the famine of 1846-1847 since the word was apparently well established in Missouri and Arkansas by the middle of the 19th century.Carver attributes the introduction of the term to the Scotch-Irish Protestants from Northern Ireland who emigrated to America in the 18th century. Dornick must have been one of the "few purely Irish terms" in the otherwise English and Scots lexicon of the Scotch-Irish.单词dornick 的使用范围东起宾夕法尼亚州西至伊利诺斯州。 可能起源于爱尔兰的盖尔语dornog， “小而圆的石头”。 然而，究竟哪一批操盖尔语的爱尔兰移民带来的这个词尚不清楚。美国地区方言 的作者克雷格M·卡弗尔认为 dornick 不可能是在1846至1847年的大饥荒之后由爱尔兰人带来的， 因为该词在19世纪中叶就很明显地在密苏里州和阿肯色州使用起来了。卡弗尔认为该词是由来自北爱尔兰的苏格兰爱尔兰新教徒在18世纪带到美国来的。 Dornick 肯定是“少有的纯正爱尔兰语”之一，在苏格兰爱尔兰词典中是英语或苏格兰词语〔deceptively〕There appears to be a great deal of confusion about the sense ofdeceptively when it is used to modify an adjective. Does the sentenceThe proof is deceptively simple mean that the proof is simpler or more difficult than it appears?The Usage Panel was asked to choose among paraphrases for the sentenceThe pool is deceptively shallow: 50 percent said that it means "The pool is shallower than it appears";32 percent said that it means "The pool is deeper than it appears";and 18 percent found it ambiguous.Thus the writer who used such a sentence in a warning notice could expect that at least half the public would either misinterpret the messageor would be uncertain as to which sense was intended.Where the context does not make the meaning clear,a substitute should be used,asThe pool is shallower than it looks or The proof is simple, despite appearances. 当用deceptively 修饰一形容词时，该词的意思似乎大有令人困惑之处。 The proof is deceptively simple 一句中，是比它看起来更容易的意思呢， 还是比它看起来更难的意思呢?有人曾要求用法专题使用小组的成员对The pool is deceptively shallow 一句的释义进行选择， 百分之五十的成员认为该句意为：“池塘看起来很浅”；百分之三十二的成员认为该句意为：“池塘看起很深”；而百分之十八的成员则认为该句意义含混模糊。因此，把这句话写在警告牌上的作者可能会发现至少有一半的公众不是误解这则信息，就是不能确定这句话的意图究竟是什么。在上下文不能使意义明了的地方，应该换一种表达方式，如这个池塘比它看起来要浅 或 证明很简单，尽管看起来有些难 〔whatever〕Bothwhatever and what ever can be used in sentences such as Whatever (or What ever ) made her say that? Critics have occasionally objected to the one-word form,but it is supported by extensive precedent in reputable writing.The same is true of the formswhoever, whenever, wherever, and however when these expressions are used similarly. In adjectival uses only the one-word form is used:Take whatever (not what ever ) books you need. ? When a clause beginning withwhatever is the subject of a sentence, no comma should be used: Whatever you do is right. Otherwise, a comma may be used:Whatever you do, don't burn the toast. ? When the phrase preceding a restrictive clause is introduced bywhichever or whatever, that should not be used in formal writing. It is regarded as incorrect to writewhatever book that you want to look at; one should write insteadWhatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office or Whichever book costs less (not that costs less ) is fine with us. See Usage Note at however ,that whatever 和 what ever 这两个词都可用在例如 Whatever （或 What ever ) made her say that?（究竟是什么使得她说那样的话?） 这样的句子里。 批评家们经常反对单一词形，但有声望作品的大量先例却支持了单词形式。同样地，当whoever, whenever, wherever 及 however 这些表述被用于类似情况时，其情形也是如此。 用作定语时只用单词形式：Take whatever （不是 what ever ） books you need。（拿那些你要的书） ？ whatever 为句首的从句作句子主语时，不能用逗号： Whatever you do is right（无论你做什么都是对的）。 在其他情况可以用逗号：Whatever you do, don't burn the toast（不管你做什么，不要烤糊了吐司） ? 当先于一限定性从句的短语是由whichever 或 whatever引入时， that不能用在正式文体中。 这样的句子：whatever book that you want to look at（无论哪本你想看的书） 是被看作不正确的； 相反应该是Whatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office（你想看的任何一本书都将会送到你的办公室去） 或者 Whichever book costs less （不是 that costs less ) is fine with us（花费少一些的书比较适合我们） 参见 however,that〔yearn〕"What business had he to be hankering after this girl at all!” (John Galsworthy). “究竟有什么使得他整天思念这个姑娘!" （约翰·高尔斯华绥）。〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人 |
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