| 单词 | 竞争 |
| 释义 | 〔race〕To compete against in a race.赛跑：在赛跑比赛中与…竞争〔qualify〕To reach the later stages of a selection process or contest by competing successfully in earlier rounds.取得…的资格：在较早的回合中，通过成功地竞争而达到竞选过程或竞赛的最后阶段〔Utzon〕Danish architect who won a competition to design the Opera House in Sydney, Australia (1957). He withdrew from the project in 1966, and the building was completed, though not entirely to his design, in 1973.伍重：丹麦建筑师，在设计澳大利亚悉尼歌剧院的竞争中获胜（1957年）。他于1966年退出该项目，该楼于1973年竣工，不过并非完全根据他的设计〔tonic〕Generic terms for carbonated soft drinks vary widely in the United States.Probably the two most common words competing for precedencearesoda, used in the northeast United States, andpop, used from the Midwest westward. In the South all soft drinks,regardless of the flavor or brand name,are referred to ascold drinks. Speakers in Boston and its environs have a term of their own:tonic. Such a variety of regional equivalents is unusual for a product for which advertising is so aggressive and universal;usually advertising has the effect of squeezing out regional variants.On the other hand, because there are so many types and flavors of soft drinks,perhaps no single generic word has ever emerged to challenge the regionalisms.在美国，含碳酸饮料的名称各地截然不同。其中有两个词正竞争着统治地位，一个是用于美国东北部的soda, ， 另一个是用于中西部以西的pop 。 在美国南部，所有的软饮料，不管味道或品牌如何，都统统叫作cold drinks 。 波士顿及其周围地区有其自己的名称：tonic 。 对于一种广告做得满天飞的产品来说，这种各地区名字不同的情况十分不寻常；因为广告通常有减弱方言的作用。另一方面，由于软饮料有如比多的种类和风格，所以可能还没有哪一个泛称能够取代这么多地方变体〔contest〕contested with other bidders for the antique.与古董的其他出价人竞争〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔dispute〕To strive to win (a prize, for example); contest for:争夺，竞争：为赢得（奖金等）努力；为…而竞争：〔agonist〕from agōn [contest] * see agony 源自 agōn [竞争] * 参见 agony〔jealous〕Resentful or bitter in rivalry; envious:嫉妒的：在竞争时怨恨的或抱怨的；嫉妒的：〔protagonist〕agōnistēs [actor, combatant] from agōnizesthai [to contend] from agōnia [contest] from agōn from agein [to drive, lead] * see ag- agōnistēs [演员，战斗者] 源自 agōnizesthai [竞争] 源自 agōnia [竞赛] 源自 agōn 源自 agein [驱使，领导] * 参见 ag- 〔prize〕Something offered or won as an award for superiority or victory, as in a contest or competition.See Synonyms at bonus 奖赏，奖品：如在竞争或在比赛中给予的或力求获得的作为对胜利或优胜的嘉奖的东西 参见 bonus〔raid〕A predatory operation mounted against a competitor, especially an attempt to lure away the personnel or membership of a competing organization.掠夺：对竞争对手采取的掠夺式的行动，尤指目的在于吸引走竞争组织的人员或成员〔eat〕an inexperienced manager who was eaten alive in a competitive corporate environment.在各大公司的竞争中，一位毫无经验的经理被彻底打垮〔contention〕The teams met in fierce contention for first place.各队为取得第一名在激烈的竞争中遭遇〔out〕In or into competition or directed effort:致力地：处于或进入竞争之中或决定性的努力之中地：〔discord〕Strife usually implies a struggle, often destructive, between rivals or factions: Strife 通常暗示斗争，常指竞争双方或两派间的毁灭性斗争： 〔challenge〕To call to engage in a contest, fight, or competition:挑战：提出挑战、竞赛或竞争：〔rival〕"She must learn to compete . . . not as a woman, but as a human being" (Betty Friedan).“她必须学会竞争…不是以女人的身份，而是以人的身份” （贝蒂·弗里丹）。〔running〕Having the possibility of winning or placing well in a competition.有赢的希望：在竞争中有可能获胜或取得好名次的〔antagonist〕One who opposes and contends against another; an adversary.See Synonyms at opponent 对抗者，对手，敌手：反对另一人及与另一人竞争的人；对手 参见 opponent〔neutral〕Not aligned with, supporting, or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest.中立的：不与…结盟的、不支持的或不援助战争、争吵或竞争中的任一方的〔field〕All the contestants or participants in an event, especially all the contestants except the favorite or the winner in a contest of more than two.竞赛者全体：参加比赛的所有竞争者或选手，尤其是在超过两人的竞争中除热门人物或赢家外的所有竞争者〔rivalry〕The state or condition of being a rival.竞争，对抗，对立：处于竞争的状态或条件〔rival〕To be a competitor or rival; compete.竞争：成为竞争对手或敌人；竞争〔rencounter〕A hostile encounter or contest.敌意的相遇：有敌意的遭遇或竞争〔pit〕To set in direct opposition or competition:使对立：置于直接对立或竞争的位置：〔jungle〕A place or milieu characterized by intense, often ruthless competition or struggle for survival:弱肉强食的地方：为生存而残酷竞争或斗争的地方：〔match〕To place in opposition or competition; pit:使互相竞争：置于敌对或竞争之中；使竞争：〔race〕An extended competition in which participants struggle like runners to be the winner:竞争：一种扩大意义的比赛，参加者象赛跑者那样象前冲刺以成为优胜者：〔put〕"Many status games seem designed to put down others"(Alvin F. Poussaint)“许多权位竞争好象是为战胜别人而设计的”(阿尔文F.普森特)〔competitor〕One that competes with another, as in sports or business; a rival.竞争者：指与他人竞争的人，如在体育或商业上；对手〔compete〕To strive with another or others to attain a goal, such as gaining an advantage or winning a victory.See Synonyms at rival 竞争：为了达到某个目的与另一个或其他人竞争，如为得到某种利益或赢得一个胜利 参见 rival〔competition〕Rivalry between two or more businesses striving for the same customer or market.竞争：两个或多个商人之间为了夺取同一消费者或市场的竞争〔race〕To cause to compete in a race; enter in a contest:参赛：使在比赛中竞争；参加竞赛：〔airspace〕"Mobile radio has to compete for air space with other services such as broadcast radio, television, and even military services"(Financial Times)“移动电台必须和其它电台，如广播电台、电视台、甚至军用电台来竞争播音空间”(金融时报)〔run〕To decide a contest or competition by a runoff.对比赛（或竞争）进行决赛〔contention〕A striving to win in competition; rivalry:竞争：为了赢得竞争而作出的争夺；竞争：〔regatta〕perhaps from recatare [to sell again, compete] 可能源自 recatare [再卖；竞争] 〔rival〕To attempt to equal or surpass.与…竞争：试图匹敌或越过〔emulation〕Effort or ambition to equal or surpass another.竞争，好胜心：争取赶上或超过另一个的努力或野心 |
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