| 单词 | 粗糙表面 |
| 释义 | 〔rag〕A roofing slate with one rough surface.石板瓦：一种有粗糙表面的盖屋顶石板〔nubbly〕the nubbly surface of raw silk.生丝的粗糙表面〔mat〕Having a dull finish.粗糙的、暗淡的：具有粗糙表面的〔caliche〕from Spanish [pebble in a brick, flake of lime] 源自 西班牙语 [砖块的粗糙表面，石灰片] 〔diffusion〕The scattering of incident light by reflection from a rough surface.漫射：入射光线在粗糙表面的反射下分散〔grate〕To reduce to fragments, shreds, or powder by rubbing against an abrasive surface.磨碎：通过在粗糙表面上磨擦使…成为碎片、细条或粉末〔chagrin〕The ultimate etymology of the wordchagrin, which comes directly to us from French, is considered uncertain by many etymologists. At one timechagrin was thought to be the same word as shagreen, "a leather or skin with a rough surface,” derived from French chagrin. The reasoning wasthat in French the word for this rough material, which was used to smooth and polish things,was extended to the notion of troubles that fret and annoy a person.It was later decided, however,that the sense "rough leather" and the sense "sorrow" each belonged to a different French wordchagrin. Other etymologists have offered an alternative explanation,suggesting that the French wordchagrin, "sorrow,” is a loan translation of the German word Katzenjammer, "a morning-after-the-night-before feeling.” A loan translation is a type of borrowing from another languagein which the elements of a foreign word,as inKatzen, "cats,” and Jammer, "distress, seediness,” are assumed to be translated literally by corresponding elements in another language,in this case,chat, "cat,” and grigner, "to grimace.” The actual etymology is less colorful,with the word probably going back to a Germanic word,.gramī, meaning "sorrow, trouble.”Chagrin is first recorded in English in 1656 in the now obsolete sense "anxiety, melancholy.”我们从法语直接借用的词chagrin 的最终词源被许多词源学家认为是不能确定的。 Charin 曾经被认为和由法语词 chagrin 派生出来的 shagreen “有粗糙表面的皮革或皮肤”是同一个词。 理由是，这种粗糙材料是用来打磨和抛光物品用的，法语里的这个词被引申到有了使人懊恼和烦恼的意思。但后来才确定，“粗糙的皮革”的含义和“沮丧”的含义分属于一个不同的法语词chagrin 。 别的词源学家提出了另外一种解释，说法语词chagrin “沮丧”是借译于日耳曼语词 Katzenjammer “醉后的难受感”。 借译是借用另一种语言，即外语词的成分，如Katzen “猫”，和 Jammer “沮丧，不舒服”， 并照那种语言的对应成分直译过来，在这种情况下为chat “猫”和 grigner “做怪相”。 实际的语源没有这么富于趣味，这个词极可能要追溯到日耳曼语词grami ， 意思为“愁苦，麻烦”。Chagrin 第一次出现在英语里有记载的时间是在1656年， 当时的含义“焦虑，忧郁”现已过时不用〔jackplane〕A bench plane for rough surfacing, usually slightly over one foot in length.粗刨，大刨：在粗糙表面上使用的大刨，通常有一英尺多长〔pebble〕An irregularly rough, grainy surface, as on leather or paper.粗糙表面，卵石花纹：不均匀的粗糙状表面，如皮革或纸面 |
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