| 单词 | 精神的 |
| 释义 | 〔interior〕Of or relating to one's mental or spiritual being:心灵的，精神的：属于或关于一个人的心理或精神存在的：〔numinous〕Spiritually elevated; sublime.精神的；升华的〔rack〕To cause great physical or mental suffering to:使痛苦，使受折磨：引起…的强烈的肉体或精神的疼痛：〔fresh〕Revived or reinvigorated; refreshed:恢复精神的或重新振作的；精神的：〔psychic〕Of, relating to, affecting, or influenced by the human mind or psyche; mental:心灵的：人类心灵的，精神的，与人类心灵和精神有关的，对人类心灵或精神有影响的或受它们影响的；心灵的：〔yearn〕 Pine implies a lingering, often nostalgic desire that saps strength or spirit: Pine 表示消耗力量或精神的、留恋不舍且经常是怀旧的渴望： 〔epiphany〕"I experienced an epiphany, a spiritual flash that would change the way I viewed myself"(Frank Maier)“我经历了对事物真谛的顿悟，那是精神的灵光，它将改变我对自己的看法”(弗兰克·梅尔)〔internal〕Of or relating to mental or spiritual nature:心理的，精神的：属于或关于心理或精神本质的：〔spiritual〕Of, relating to, consisting of, or having the nature of spirit; not tangible or material.See Synonyms at immaterial 精神的：精神上的，与精神有关的，由精神组成的，具有精神性质的；非有形的，非物质的 参见 immaterial〔hysteria〕A neurosis characterized by the presentation of a physical ailment without an organic cause, sleepwalking, amnesia, episodes of hallucinations, and other mental and behavioral aberrations.癔病：一种神经病，其特征是没有任何有机原因而表现生理的病症，比如梦游、失眠，产生幻觉，以及其他精神的或行为的怪异〔Croce〕Italian philosopher, historian, and critic noted for a major work of modern idealism,Philosophy of the Spirit (1902-1917), and as a staunch opponent of fascism. 克罗齐，贝内德托：(1866-1952) 意大利哲学家、历史学家和评论家，以其现代唯心主义的主要作品《精神的哲学》 （1902-1917年）和坚决反对法西斯主义而闻名 〔uninspired〕Having no intellectual, emotional, or spiritual excitement; dull.See Synonyms at dull 缺乏创见的，单调乏味的：没有智力、感情或精神的兴奋的；迟钝的 参见 dull〔spirituality〕The state, quality, manner, or fact of being spiritual.精神性：成为精神的状态、性质、方式或事实〔vessel〕A person seen as the agent or embodiment, as of a quality:…的化身：被视为某种品质或者精神的化身的人：〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔language〕The wording of a legal document or statute as distinct from the spirit.文件用语，法律用语：不同于精神的合法文件或法令的措辞〔cannabinol〕A nonpsychoactive chemical constituent of cannabis, C21H 26O 2, from which THC forms. 大麻酚：作用于精神的大麻化学成分，C21H 26O 2，可制成四氢大麻酚 〔anxiety〕These nouns are compared as they refer to troubled states of mind.当表示精神的忧虑状态时，这些名词是有区别的。〔secular〕Worldly rather than spiritual.世俗的：现实的而不是精神的〔gamy〕Showing an unyielding spirit; plucky:不屈服的，有胆量的：显示不屈精神的；有勇气的：〔oriflamme〕An inspiring standard or symbol.军旗，旗帜：一种精神的标志或代表〔psychokinesis〕The production or control of motion, especially in inanimate and remote objects, purportedly by the exercise of psychic powers.心灵致动：据称是通过使用精神的力量，使物体特别是无生命的和遥远的物体移动或控制它们运动〔spirituel〕from Old French [spiritual] * see spiritual 源自 古法语 [精神的，灵魂的] * 参见 spiritual〔ail〕To cause physical or mental pain or uneasiness to; trouble.See Synonyms at trouble 使痛苦：使…受身体或精神的痛苦或忧虑；使苦恼 参见 trouble〔revive〕a celebration that revivified our spirits. 振奋我们精神的庆典 〔dirty〕dirty players; a dirty fighter.无运动家精神的球员；不讲体育道德的拳击手〔Basho〕Japanese poet known for his composition of haiku infused with the spirit of Zen Buddhism.马生，松尾：(1644-1694) 日本诗人，以其灌输禅宗精神的绯句作品闻名〔Christian〕Manifesting the qualities or spirit of Jesus; Christlike.基督的：表现出耶稣的品德或精神；具有耶稣精神的〔strong〕These adjectives are compared as they mean having or showing vigor, durability, or power of body or spirit.当这些形容词表示有或显示活力、持久性或身体或精神的力量时，它们之间可作比较。〔physical〕Of or relating to the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit.See Synonyms at bodily 肉体的：肉体的或身体的，与肉体有关的，相对于心灵和精神的 参见 bodily〔unworldly〕Not of this world; spiritual.精神的：不属于这个世界的；精神的〔push〕"We extol the virtues of motherhood and bestow praise on the self-sacrificing homemaker but when push comes to shove, we give her little recognition for what she does"(Los Angeles Times)“我们赞美母性的美德和有自我牺牲精神的主妇们，但是当形势十分紧要的时刻，我们对她的所作所为却没有给予承认和认可”(洛杉矶时报)〔Grecism〕Something done in imitation of Greek style or spirit.对希腊风格或精神的模仿〔feel〕To be conscious of a specified kind or quality of physical, mental, or emotional state:觉得：感觉到某种物体的、精神的或情感的状态的特定类型或特性：〔Cohan〕American singer, songwriter, and playwright known for his flashy, patriotic Broadway productions. He wrote "Over There" and "I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy.”柯汉，乔治·迈克尔：(1878-1942) 美国歌唱家、歌曲作者和剧作家，以其浮华的、有爱国主义精神的百老汇作品闻名。他写有“在那里”和“我是美国花花公子”〔perfectionism〕A belief that moral or spiritual perfection can be achieved by people in this life.完美主义信仰：在生命中相信人生可以达到道德或精神的完美境界〔nectar〕A delicious or invigorating drink.甘美的饮料：一种好喝的能增加精神的饮料〔Gnostic〕gnostic Of, relating to, or possessing intellectual or spiritual knowledge. gnostic 灵知的：智力或知识的，关于智力或精神的知识或认识的〔strength〕 Strength refers especially to physical, mental, or moral robustness or vigor: Strength 尤指身体的，精神的或道德上的坚强力量或活力： 〔burdensome〕These adjectives all apply to what imposes a severe test of bodily or spiritual strength.这些形容词都适用于将体力或精神的繁重考验强加于人的事物。 |
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