| 单词 | 纽约市 |
| 释义 | 〔Grace〕Irish-born American shipping magnate active in the exploitation of Peruvian resources. He also served as mayor of New York City (1880-1882 and 1884-1886).格雷斯，威廉·拉塞尔：(1832-1904) 出生于爱尔兰的美国航运钜子，积极参与秘鲁资源的开发。 曾任纽约市市长（1880-1882年和1884-1886年）〔Beach〕American editor and inventor who built a demonstration pneumatic subway under Broadway in New York City in 1870.比奇，艾尔弗雷德·伊利：(1826-1896) 美国编辑和发明家，他于1870年在纽约市百老汇大街下建造了一个气动地下铁道实物〔Martins〕Danish-born ballet dancer who became co-ballet master of the New York City Ballet in 1983.马丁斯，彼得：(生于 1946) 丹麦裔的美国芭蕾舞演员，于1983年成为纽约市芭蕾舞团的双人芭蕾舞的名家〔Mamaroneck〕A village of southeast New York, a residential and industrial suburb of New York City. Population, 17,325.马玛欧耐克：美国纽约州东南部一村庄，是纽约市的一个居民和工业郊区。人口17,325〔Manhattan〕After Manhattan 1[a borough of New York City] 源自 Manhattan1[纽约市的一个拥有自治权的区] 〔Olmsted〕American landscape architect who was the chief designer of Central Park in New York City (1858-1861).奥姆斯特德，弗雷德里克·劳：(1822-1903) 美国园林建筑师，是纽约市中央公园的主设计师(1858-1861年）〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔Orange〕A city of northeast New Jersey, a chiefly residential suburb of Newark and New York City. Population, 29,925.奥伦奇：美国新泽西州东北部城市。纽华克镇及纽约市的一个主要居民郊区。人口29,925〔Chagall〕Russian-born artist noted for his dreamlike, fanciful imagery and brilliantly colored canvases. Among his works are two huge murals designed for the New York City Metropolitan Opera House (1966).夏加尔，马克：(1887-1985) 俄裔画家，以其梦幻式、奇特的意象且色彩亮丽的帆布油画闻名。 其作品中有两幅为纽约市都市歌剧院设计（1966年）的大型油画〔sachem〕A high official of the Tammany Society, a political organization in New York City.坦慕尼协会首领：美国纽约市的政治组织坦慕尼协会的高级官员〔Hepworth〕British sculptor best known for herSingle Form (Memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld) at the United Nations Plaza in New York City. 赫普沃思，芭芭拉：(1903-1975) 英国雕刻家，以纽约市联合国大厦前的《独影（纪念戴各·哈马啥尔德）》 而著名 〔Balanchine〕Russian-born American ballet director and choreographer who became artistic director of the New York City Ballet in 1948 and choreographed more than 100 ballets, includingFirebird (1950) and Don Quixote (1965). 巴兰钦，乔治：(1904-1983) 美籍俄裔芭蕾舞导演和舞蹈动作设计者，1948年成为纽约市芭蕾舞团的艺术指导，并为包括《火鸟》 （1950年）和 《唐·吉诃德》 （1965年）在内的100多个芭蕾舞设计动作 〔Bessie〕An award given annually since 1984 by the Dance Theater Workshop in New York City for achievement in dance and the performing arts.贝西奖：一种自1984年以来每年由“纽约市舞蹈剧院创作室”颁发的奖项，为在舞蹈和表演艺术方面取得的成就而设立〔Villella〕American ballet dancer. He joined the New York City Ballet in 1957 and won acclaim for his roles inProdigal Son (1965) and Rubies (1967). 维莱拉，爱德华：(生于 1936) 美国芭蕾舞演员。他在1957年加入了纽约市芭蕾舞团，并以其在《浪子》 （1965年）和 《红宝石》 （1967年）中扮演的角色大受好评 〔Slocum〕American army officer and politician who commanded part of the Union line at Gettysburg (1863) and later served as a U.S. representative from New York (1869-1873 and 1883-1885).斯洛克姆，亨利·沃纳：(1827-1894) 美国陆军军官，政治家，在葛底斯堡战役中(1863年），指挥联邦军的一段战线，后来担任纽约市的美国国会众议员(1869-1873和1883-1885年）〔Straus〕German-born American merchant who with his brotherIsidor (1845-1912) owned Macy's department store in New York City and funded numerous philanthropic organizations. 施特劳斯，内森：(1848-1931) 德裔美国商人，与其兄弟伊斯都 (1845年-1912年）拥有纽约市的麦思百货商店，并创立了相当数量的慈善机构 〔Rye〕A city of southeast New York on Long Island Sound northeast of New York City. It is primarily residential. Population, 15,083.拉伊：美国纽约州东南部一城市，位于纽约市东北的长岛海峡上。主要是住宅区。人口15,083〔Labov〕American linguist who greatly advanced the study of sociolinguistics with his textThe Social Stratification of English in New York City (1966). 威廉拉玻夫，威廉：美国语言学家，以其著作《纽约市英语的社会分层》 （1966年）极大地推进了社会语言学的研究 〔street〕Street A district, such as Wall Street in New York City, that is identified with a specific profession. Often used withthe. Street 某一大街：被视为与某一特殊职业等同的地区；如纽约市的华尔街，通常与the 连用 〔borough〕One of the five administrative units of New York City.纽约行政区：纽约市五个行政区的一个〔Broadway〕The principal theater and amusement district of New York City, on the West Side of midtown Manhattan centered on Broadway.百老汇：纽约市主要的剧院和娱乐区，位于曼哈顿市中心区的西侧，以百老汇为中心〔bodacious〕Popularized in the comic stripSnuffy Smith, bodacious is probably a blend of the words bold and audacious, whose combined senses are evident in the following description of Sevier County, Tennessee,as"the most bodacious display of tourisma this side of Anaheim" (Los Angeles Times).A more traditional meaning is "remarkable, prodigious": "a bodacious amount of smoke" (Springfield MA Morning Union); "the most bodacious tale of hidden treasure" (Lawrence E. Will). Bodacious can also be an adverbial intensifier: "She's so bowdacious unreasonable when she's raised [irritated] ” (William T. Thompson).Black speech in New York City retains this Southernism asbardacious. Joseph Wright'sEnglish Dialect Dictionary cites the form boldacious, which, as the likely source forbodacious, strengthens the theory that some archaic British expressions are preserved in the speech of the American South.因胆大包天的斯纳费·史密斯 中的连载漫画而家喻户晓。其大概是 bold 和 audacious 两词的组合， 其组合意思在以下对田纳西州的塞费尔县的描述中很明显的：“阿纳海姆的大肆渲染的观光演出” （洛杉矶时报）。一个更传统的意思是“突出的，大量的”： “滚滚浓烟” （斯普林菲尔德·MA·联合晨报）； “关于隐藏的宝藏的最迷人传说” （劳伦斯·E·威尔）。 Bodacious 也可用作加强语气的副词： “她被激［怒］ 时变得如此不可理喻” （威廉·T·汤普逊）。纽约市的黑人语言还保留了这一南方音bardacious。 约瑟夫·莱特编的英语方言辞典 记录了 boldacious 的形式， 它可能是boadacious 的来源， 这证实了以下的看法：一些古时的英语表达方式仍保留在美国南部方言中〔Huneker〕American musician and critic who gained a wide following with his incisive critiques of music, drama, and literature, which appeared in a number of New York newspapers.休谟克，詹姆斯·吉本斯：(1860-1921) 美国音乐家和批评家，他对音乐、戏剧和文学透彻的批评为他赢得了一大批追随者，他的评论刊登在纽约市的一些报纸上〔Robinson〕American historian who stressed the importance of social and intellectual events on the course of history. He was a founder of the New School for Social Research in New York City (1919).鲁宾逊，詹姆斯·哈维：(1863-1936) 强调在历史进程中社会事件和智力活动重要性的美国历史学家，他是纽约市社会研究新学院的创建者之一(1919年）〔Harrison〕A village of southeast New York, a residential suburb of New York City. Population, 23,308.哈里森：美国纽约东南一村庄，是纽约市郊住宅区。人口23,308〔Gotham〕New York City. The nickname was popularized by Washington Irving and others inSalmagundi, a series of satirical sketches (1807-1808). 纽约：纽约市。华盛顿·欧文和其他人在《杂拌》 （1807-1808年），一本连载的讽刺杂文中，给纽约起了个绰号，并从此流传开来 〔Lindsay〕American politician who was mayor of New York City from 1966 to 1974.林赛，约翰·维列特：(生于 1921) 美国政治家，1966-1974年期间任纽约市市长〔Tweed〕American politician. The Democratic boss of New York City in the 1860's, he defrauded the city of millions of dollars before being exposed and convicted (1873).特威德，威廉·马西：(1823-1878) 美国政治家。他19世纪60年代是纽约市民主党的后台老板，侵吞城市公款上百万，后来被发现并判有罪(1873年）〔Steinman〕American civil engineer who designed numerous suspension bridges, including the George Washington Bridge in New York City (1931).斯坦曼，戴维·巴纳德：(1886-1960) 美国土木工程师、设计过许多吊桥，包括纽约市的乔治·华盛顿大桥(1931年）〔Brooklyn〕A borough of New York City in southeast New York on western Long Island. Dutch colonists first settled the area in 1636 and 1637 and in 1645 established the hamlet of Breuckelen near the present-day site of borough hall. Renamed Brooklyn by the English, the expanded community became part of Greater New York City in 1898. Population, 2,300,664.布鲁克林区：美国纽约市的一自治村镇，位于长岛西部纽约东南部。荷兰殖民者于1636和1637年间最早在此定居，1645年在今行政厅附近建立布勒克伦村。英国人改称为布鲁克林，扩大后的社区在1898年成为大纽约市的一部分。人口2,300,664〔Delamater〕American mechanical engineer whose foundry in New York City built the ironcladMonitor (1862) and the first successful submarine (1881). 德拉梅特，科尔内留斯·亨利：(1821-1889) 美国机械工程师，他在纽约市的铸造厂建造了装甲舰莫利特号 (1862年）和第一艘成功的潜水艇(1881年） 〔Chapman〕American ornithologist who was curator of ornithology (1908-1942) at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and compiled a number of bird studies, includingA Color Key to North American Birds (1903). 查普曼，弗兰克·米什勒：(1864-1945) 美国鸟类学家，曾任纽约市的美国自然历史博物馆馆长（1908-1942年），并编著了一系列鸟类研究著作，包括《北美洲鸟类的色标》 （1903年） 〔Hurok〕Russian-born American impresario who sponsored a number of concert series in New York City.休罗克，所罗门：(1888-1974) 俄裔美国乐团经理，曾在纽约市发起了一些系列音乐会〔Southampton〕A village of southeast New York on the southeast coast of Long Island. It is primarily a summer resort. Population, 4,000.南安普敦村：美国纽约市东南部的一个村庄，位于长岛的东南沿海地区，主要是避暑胜地。人口4,000〔Kirstein〕American writer, art collector, and impresario who cofounded the School of American Ballet (1934) and the New York City Ballet (1948).柯斯坦，林肯：美国作家、艺术收藏家和经理人，与人共同创建美国芭蕾舞学校（1934年）和纽约市芭蕾舞团的（1948年）〔Cooper〕American manufacturer, inventor, and philanthropist who built the first American locomotive and founded Cooper Union (1859) in New York City, which offered free courses in the arts and sciences.库珀，彼得：(1791-1883) 美国制造商、发明家和慈善家，他制造了第一辆美国机车，1859年在纽约市创办库珀学院，提供艺术与自然科学方面的免费课程〔Harlem〕A section of New York City in northern Manhattan bordering on the Harlem and East rivers. Peter Stuyvesant established the Dutch settlement of Nieuw Haarlem here in 1658. A rapid influx of Black people beginning c. 1910 made it one of the largest Black communities in the United States. In the 1920's a flowering of Black art and literature was known as the Harlem Renaissance. After World War II many Hispanics settled in East (or Spanish) Harlem.哈莱姆区：纽约市一地区，位于曼哈顿北部，傍倚哈莱姆河和东河。1658年彼得·斯图佛逊在此建立起荷兰人寄居地——新哈莱姆区。自1910年以来，迅速增大的黑人居民使该地成为美国最大的黑人聚居地，20世纪20年代黑人艺术及文学的兴起被称为哈莱姆文艺复兴，二次大战后，许多西班牙人定居在东（或西班牙）哈莱姆区〔Poughkeepsie〕A city of southeast New York on the Hudson River north of New York City. Settled by the Dutch in 1687, Poughkeepsie is the seat of Vassar College (chartered 1861). Population, 28,844.波基普西：美国纽约州东南部城市，临哈得孙河，位于纽约市以北。1687年荷兰人开始在此定居。波基普西是瓦萨尔学院（成立于1861年）的所在地。人口28,844〔Low〕American educator, reformer, and public official. He served as mayor of Brooklyn (1882-1886) and New York City (1901-1903).洛，塞特：(1850-1916) 美国教育家，改革家和政府官员。他担任过布鲁克林市长(1882-1886年）和纽约市市长(1901-1903年）〔Narrows〕A strait of southeast New York between Brooklyn and Staten Island in New York City and connecting Upper and Lower New York Bay. The Narrows is spanned by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, completed in 1964 and one of the longest suspension bridges in the world.纳罗斯：纽约东南的一个海峡，介于布鲁克林和纽约市的斯塔滕岛之间，连接纽约湾的上端和下端。弗拉德诺-纳罗斯桥的建立使纳罗斯海峡得到延伸，该桥于1964年竣工，是世界上最长的吊桥 |
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