| 单词 | 经常出现 |
| 释义 | 〔TelePrompTer〕A trademark used for a device employed in television to show an actor or a speaker an enlarged line-by-line reproduction of a script, unseen by the audience. This trademark often occurs in print in lowercase:读稿机，讲词提示器：一种在电视中使用、向演员或发言人显示不为观众所见的放大的一行行台词的设备的商标。这一商标经常出现在小写印刷体中：〔alastor〕An avenging deity or spirit, the masculine personification of Nemesis, frequently evoked in Greek tragedy.复仇神：复仇的神或精灵，是复仇女神的男性化身，经常出现在希腊悲剧中〔haunting〕Continually recurring to the mind; unforgettable:萦绕心头的：经常出现在脑中的；不能够忘怀的：〔Quonset〕A trademark used for a prefabricated portable hut having a semicircular roof of corrugated metal that curves down to form walls. This trademark often occurs in attributive contexts in print:"a Quonset building that once stored grain" (Chicago Tribune); "an unassuming assemblage of clapboard buildings, Quonset storage huts, and docks" (Christian Science Monitor). It sometimes occurs in lowercase: 匡西特活动房屋：一种用来指由预制件组成的可移动小屋的商标。小屋屋顶为半圆形，为波纹金属，卷下来可组成墙壁。在印刷品中，这个商标经常出现在表定语的语境中：“曾用来贮藏粮食的匡西特式建筑物” （芝加哥论坛）； “一堆毫不起眼的隔板建筑物，匡西特储藏屋和船坞” （基督教科学箴言报）。有时它也以小写出现： 〔leukocytosis〕An abnormally large increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood, often occurring during an acute infection or inflammation.白血球增多：血液中白血球数量不正常地大量增多，经常出现于急性感染或炎症〔different〕Different from and different than are both common in British and American English. Critics since the 18th century have singled outdifferent than as incorrect, though it is well attested in the works of reputable writers. Where the comparison is drawn directly between two persons or things,from is usually the safer choice: Different from 和 different than 英语和美语中都经常见。 虽然后者经常出现在名作家的作品中，但18世纪以来，评论家仍指出different than 为相对正确的选择。 当直接对两人或两物进行比较时，from 是最保险的选择 ： 〔furunculosis〕A skin condition characterized by the development of recurring boils.疖病：特征为经常出现疖子的一种皮肤状况〔turn〕Her name constantly turns up in art circles.她的名字经常出现在艺术圈里〔Technicolor〕A trademark used for a method of making color motion pictures in which films sensitive to different primary colors are exposed simultaneously and are later superimposed to produce the full-color print. This trademark, capitalized and lowercased, often occurs in figurative contexts in print:彩色印片法：用于制作彩色动画片方法的商标，对不同的基本色彩敏感的胶片被立即曝光，然后叠加制成全彩色的照片。大写的和小写的这种商标经常出现在印刷品的表示比喻的上下文中：〔Teflon〕A trademark used for a waxy, opaque material, polytetrafluoroethylene, employed as a coating on cooking utensils and in industrial applications to prevent sticking. This trademark often occurs in figurative contexts in print:特氟隆，铁氟龙：用作光滑不透明的材料的商标，聚四氟乙烯被用来作为烹饪用具的涂层，在工业上防止粘附。这一商标经常出现在印刷品有比喻意义的上下文中：〔bustard〕Any of various large, long-legged Old World game birds of the family Otididae that frequent dry, open, grassy plains.鸨：一种分布于东半球的大型、长腿、鸨科狩猎鸟类，经常出现在干燥而开阔的大草原〔passim〕Throughout or frequently; here and there. Used in textual annotation to indicate that something, such as a word or passage, occurs frequently in the work cited.各种；到处：普遍地或经常地；用于正文的注释，表示一些事物，如一个单词或段落在所提到的书中经常出现〔common〕Familiar applies to what is well known or quickly recognized through frequent occurrence or regular association: Familiar 用于指普遍知道的或通过经常出现或正常联系迅速认识到的： 〔frequent〕frequent errors of judgment.判断中经常出现的错误〔haunt〕the melancholy that haunts the composer's music.经常出现在那位作曲家音乐中的忧郁〔discord〕Political discussions often give rise to lively contention.政治讨论经常出现的热烈的争论。〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 |
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