| 单词 | 经济学家 |
| 释义 | 〔Mill〕British philosopher and economist known especially for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism. His many works includeA System of Logic (1843), Principles of Political Economy (1848), and The Subjection of Women (1869). 穆勒，约翰·斯图尔特：(1806-1873) 英国哲学家及经济学家，尤以其对经验主义和功利主义的阐释而闻名。其著作甚多，有《逻辑体系》 （1843年） 《政治经济学原理》 （1848年）和 《妇女的从属地位》 （1869年） 〔Turgot〕French economist. Appointed controller general under Louis XVI (1774), he was dismissed (1776) after proposing reforms that were unpopular with the aristocracy.杜尔哥，安妮·罗伯特·雅克：(1727-1781) 法国经济学家，曾任路易十六的财政大臣(1774年），因他推行了令贵族不满的改革的被革职(1776年）〔Harvey〕American economist and publicist who advocated the coinage of silver to ease the monetary crisis of the 1890's.哈维，威廉·霍普：(1851-1936) 美国的经济学家和出版商，曾主张制造银币以减轻19世纪90年代的货币危机〔aggro〕"Postponing new hospitals and roads causes far less aggro than sacking town hall or Whitehall workers"(Economist)“缓建新的医院和道路远远没有抢劫市政府或英国白厅的工作人员所引起的愤怒大”(经济学家)〔Veblen〕American economist who described a fundamental conflict between the provision of goods and the making of money. In his popular studyThe Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) he coined the phrase conspicuous consumption. 维布伦，索尔斯坦·本德：(1857-1929) 美国经济学家，他描述了商品供给和创造利润之间的根本矛盾。在他的流行著作《有闲阶级论》 （1899年）中，他杜撰了 《夸耀性消费》 这一短语 〔Burns〕Austrian-born American economist and influential adviser to several presidential administrations.伯恩斯，阿瑟·弗兰克：(生于 1904) 奥地利裔美国经济学家和几任总统内阁的有影响力的顾问〔Ricardo〕British economist whose major work,Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), supported the laws of supply and demand in a free market. 李嘉图，戴维：(1772-1823) 英国经济学家，其主要著作《政治经济与税收原理》 （1817年），证实供求在自由市场的定律 〔Sismondi〕Swiss historian and economist. He was one of the first to attack the classical economics of Adam Smith and argue for the regulation of competition.西斯蒙第，简·查尔斯·莱纳德·西蒙·德：(1773-1842) 瑞士历史学家和经济学家。他是首先对亚当·史密斯的古典经济学提出攻击，并提出规范经济竞争的人〔Mill〕Scottish philosopher, economist, and a founder of utilitarianism. His works includeAnalysis of the Mind (1829). 穆勒，詹姆斯：(1773-1836) 苏格兰哲学家、经济学家和功利主义的创始人。其作品有《精神分析》 （1829年） 〔Allais〕French economist. He won a 1988 Nobel Prize for his theories of market behavior and the efficient use of resources.阿莱，莫里斯：(生于 1911) 法国经济学家。因其市场行为和充分利用资源的理论而获得1988年的诺贝尔奖〔Sharpe〕American economist. He shared a 1990 Nobel Prize for contributions to financial economics.夏普，威廉·福赛思：(生于 1934) 美国经济学家，他因对财政经济学的贡献而获得1990年诺贝尔奖〔Volcker〕American economist who served as chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System (1979-1987).沃尔克，保罗·阿道尔夫：美国经济学家，在1979-1987年间任职于联邦储备系统的董事长〔Leacock〕Canadian economist who is best remembered for his humorous writing, contained in volumes such asLiterary Lapses (1910) and Nonsense Novels (1911). 李科克，斯蒂芬·巴特勒：(1869-1944) 加拿大经济学家，以其幽默的笔风而留名，作品包括《文学的失误》 （1910年）和 《无聊的小说》 （1910年） 〔Webb〕British sociologist and economist who was a founder of the London School of Economics (1895). He and his wife,Beatrice Potter Webb (1858-1943), were central members of the Fabian Society and together wrote The History of Trade Unionism (1894) and other books. 韦布，锡德尼·詹姆斯：(1859-1947) 英国社会学家和经济学家，他是伦敦经济学院创建者之一(1895年）。他和他的妻子比阿特丽斯·波特尔·韦布 (1858-1943年），是费边社的核心成员并共同写了 《工联主义历史》 （1894年）和其它书 〔Pareto〕Italian economist and sociologist whose theories influenced the development of Italian fascism.佩瑞多，韦尔福雷多：(1848-1923) 意大利经济学家和社会学家，他的理论影响了意大利法西斯的发展〔moneyman〕A man who assesses or advises on economic policies and trends.经济学家：对经济政策和走势能作出正确估计或提出建议的人〔Markowitz〕American economist. He shared a 1990 Nobel Prize for contributions to financial economics.马尔卡维茨，哈里M.：(生于 1927) 美国经济学家。由于他对财政经济学的贡献，1990年获得诺贝尔奖〔Clark〕American economist known for his theory of marginal productivity. He wroteThe Philosophy of Wealth (1885) and The Distribution of Wealth (1899). 克拉克，约翰·贝茨：(1847-1938) 美国经济学家，以边际生产理论而闻名。著有《财富哲学》 （1885年）和 《财富分配》 （1899年） 〔Fisher〕American economist who devised the price index for the study of economic trends.费歇尔，欧文：(1867-1947) 美国经济学家，设计出价格指数以考察经济趋势〔Arrow〕American economist. He shared a 1972 Nobel Prize for theories that help assess business risks and governmental economic policies.阿罗，肯尼思·约瑟夫：(生于 1921) 美国经济学家。因提出协助估价企业风险和政府经济政策的理论而获1972年诺贝尔奖〔Hicks〕British economist. He shared a 1972 Nobel Prize for theories that help assess business risks and governmental economic policies.希克斯，约翰·理查：(1904-1989) 英国经济学家，曾因提出评估商业风险和政府经济政策的理论与人同获1972年度诺贝尔奖〔statelet〕"Most of the islands have become independent statelets with freely elected governments"(Economist)“大部分岛屿成为有民主选举政府权力的独立小国”(经济学家)〔Leontief〕Russian-born American economist. He won a 1973 Nobel Prize for devising the input-output technique of economic analysis.列昂捷夫，瓦斯利：(生于 1906) 俄裔美籍经济学家。因其策划经济学分析的投入一产出技巧而获1973年的诺贝尔奖〔Ward〕British economist, conservationist, and writer whose works on ecology and political economy includeSpaceship Earth (1966) and Progress for a Small Planet (1980). 沃德，芭芭拉：(1914-1981) 英国经济学家、自然资源保护论者、作家，其关于生态保护和政治经济学方面的著作包括《地球飞船》 （1966年）和 《一个小行星的发展》 （1980年） 〔Tinbergen〕Dutch economist. He shared a 1969 Nobel Prize for the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economics. His brotherNikolaas (born 1907), a Dutch-born British ethologist, shared a 1973 Nobel Prize for studies of individual and social behavior patterns. 延伯根，简：(生于 1903) 荷兰经济学家，他因用数学和统计学方法研究经济学而与人分享1969年的诺贝尔奖，他的弟弟尼古拉斯 （出生于1907年），荷裔英国人种学家，因其对个人和社会行为模式的研究而于1973年与人分享诺贝尔奖 〔Passy〕French economist and pacifist who founded the International League for Permanent Peace (1867). In 1901 he shared the first Nobel Peace Prize.帕西，弗雷德里克：(1822-1912) 法国经济学家和和平主义者，建立了国际永久性和平协会(1867年）。1901年他与人共获得第一届诺贝尔和平奖〔Miller〕American economist. He shared a 1990 Nobel Prize for contributions to financial economics.米勒，梅尔顿H.：(生于 1923) 美国经济学家。因其在金融经济学领域内的贡献获1990年诺贝尔奖〔twig〕"As Europe is now twigging, the best breeding ground for innovators who know how to do business is often big, competitive companies"(Economist)“正如欧洲现在明白的，培养懂得怎么做生意的革新者的最好土壤是竞争性的大公司”(经济学家)〔Schumpeter〕Czechoslovakian-born American economist known for his theories of the development of capitalism.顺彼得，约瑟夫·阿洛斯：(1883-1950) 捷克斯洛伐克裔美国经济学家，以其资本主义发展理论著名〔Galbraith〕Canadian-born American economist, writer, and diplomat who served as U.S. ambassador to India (1961-1963). His works includeThe Great Crash (1955) and The Affluent Society (1958). 加尔布雷思，约翰·肯尼思：(生于 1908) 加拿大裔的美国经济学家、外交家，曾任驻印度美国大使（1961-1963年）。作品包括《大撞击》 （1955年）和 《富裕的社会》 （1958年） 〔Beveridge〕British economist who proposed (1942) a comprehensive social security system for all British citizens.贝弗里奇，威廉·亨利：(1879-1963) 英国经济学家，为英国全体公民建立了一种综合的社会保险系统（1942年）〔Kreps〕American economist who served as U.S. secretary of commerce (1977-1979) and is noted for her studies of the employment of women and older people.克莱普斯，胡安塔·莫里斯：(生于 1921) 美国经济学家，曾任美国商业部长（1977-1979年），而且她以对妇女和老年人就业问题的研究而闻名〔Lewis〕West-Indies-born British economist. He shared a 1979 Nobel Prize for work on the economic problems of developing countries.刘易斯，威（廉）·阿瑟：(1915-1991) 英国经济学家，生于西印度群岛。他因对发展中国家的经济问题的研究而获1979年诺贝尔奖〔Kantorovich〕Russian economist. He shared a 1975 Nobel Prize for developing the theory of optimum allocation of resources.坎托罗维奇，利奥尼德·维塔尔耶维奇：(生于 1912) 俄罗斯经济学家。他因发展了资源的最佳分配理论而获得1975年的诺贝尔奖〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔Simon〕American economist. He won a 1978 Nobel Prize for his research into the decision-making process within economic organizations.西蒙，赫伯特·亚历山大：(生于 1916) 美国经济学家，因对经济组织内的决策制定过程的研究而获1978年诺贝尔奖〔upsize〕"the chief executives saw the combined value of their share options upsize by $36.6 million on the day [the] layoffs were announced"(The Economist)“首席营运官在宣布裁员的当天发现认购权的联合价值上升三千六百六十万美元”(经济学家)〔opinion〕The economist gave us her feelings on the causes of inflation. Abelief is a conclusion, not necessarily derived firsthand, to which one subscribes strongly: 这位经济学家告诉了我们她关于引起通货膨胀的观点。 Blief 是一种观点，不一定是人们极力相信的第一个观点： 〔Chase〕American economist whose work concerns the problems of a wealthy, technologically oriented society.蔡斯，斯图尔特：(1888-1985) 美国经济学家，主要研究关于富裕的、技术发达的社会的问题〔Bagehot〕British economist, social scientist, and journalist who wroteThe English Constitution (1867), an analysis of the comparative powers of the branches of British government. 白芝浩，沃尔特：(1826-1877) 英国经济学家、社会科学家和记者，著有《英国宪法》 （1867年），是一部对英国政府分支机构权力比较的分析著作 |
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